The more cannabis is studied, the more the complexities of its chemical compounds and how they interact with the human body are revealed. The cannabis plant has more than 400 bioactive agents but the most studied include tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). In fact, of all the compounds in the cannabis plant, only a handful have been studied so far, meaning very little is known about the biochemistry of the entire plant. That said, contemporary scientists have been studying the cannabis plant for almost 100 years. The first experiments on single cannabinoids were carried out in the 1940s in U.S. and U.K. labs, with the first real breakthrough coming in the 1960s when the Israeli biochemist Dr. Raphael Mechoulam isolated THC in 1963, and CBD in 1964. These discoveries led to a greater understanding of the metabolism of THC and sparked further research that revealed the presence of CB1 and CB2 receptors in the 1980s, and endocannabinoids in the 1990s. Indeed, the story of THC tracks an exciting time in the history of scientific research, and continues to inspire breakthroughs, most recently, the discovery of CB1 receptors in mitochondria. The CYP SystemDelt-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) was one of the first cannabinoids to be isolated, discovered in 1963 in the lab of Israeli biochemist Dr. Raphael Mechoulam. The lab of Dr. Mechoulam would go on to make some of the most important foundational discoveries in the scientific research of the cannabis plant. Though his lab wasn’t the only research team investigating cannabis, this early research provided insights into the pharmacological effects of THC but failed to uncover the mechanisms that produced these effects. By the 1970s the CYP system of drug-metabolizing enzymes was attracting much attention. In 1954, a young German scientist, M. Klingenberg, discovered the CYP system during his research on steroid hormone metabolism. However, at first, he didn’t know what it was, and it would take another 10 years of research by different research teams before the role of the CYP system was identified as a catalyst in steroid hormone synthesis and drug metabolism. Numerous CYP proteins have since been discovered, and are located all over the body. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) is a hemeprotein that plays a key role in the metabolism of drugs. Drug metabolism occurs in many sites in the body including the liver, intestinal wall, lungs, kidneys and plasma. However, the liver is the primary site of drug metabolism, facilitating detoxification and excretion by enzymatically converting lipid-soluble compounds into water-soluble compounds. Drug metabolism is achieved through phase I and phase II mechanisms. Oxidation is an example of a phase I mechanism, catalyzed by the CYP system. In the 1970s, cannabinoid scientists drew on CYP system research to investigate the metabolism of THC and other cannabinoids in animals and humans. As a result of work done at this time, it’s now known that to metabolize THC hepatic CYP enzymes convert it by hydroxylation into the metabolite 11-hydroxy-Δ9-THC. The phase I metabolites of Δ9-THC are converted in the liver to glucuronides and, after their biliary excretion into the intestinal tract these glucuronides undergo enzyme-based hydrolysis to 11-hydroxy-Δ9-THC and Δ9-THC-11-oic acid. Then, the hunt was on to discover the mechanisms that produced these effects. G-Protein Coupled ReceptorsG-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest and most diverse group of membrane receptors in eukaryotes (any cell that contains a nucleus.) These cell surface receptors act like an inbox for messages in the form of light energy, peptides, lipids, sugars and proteins. These messages contain vital information for cells about the presence of light and nutrients in the environment, or convey information sent by other cells. GPCRs bind to a large variety of signaling molecules and play a role in numerous physiological functions. ![]() Researchers estimate that between one-third and one-half of all marketed drugs work by binding to GPCRs. Humans have almost 1,000 different GPCRs and each one is specific to a particular signal. The shape of GPCRs allows them to embed a cell’s plasma membrane, and they have intervening portions that loop onto the inside and outside of cells. These loops form the pockets that enable signaling molecules to bind to the GPCR, which then triggers an interaction between the GPCR and a nearby G-protein. In turn, G-proteins activate enzymes and ion channels to produce second messengers that can stimulate or inhibit cell activity such as adenylyl cyclase. Adenylyl cyclase is an important enzyme that plays a key role in sugar and lipid metabolism, olfaction, cell growth and differentiation. Research into GPCRs led to the discovery of CB1 receptors in the 1980s. At the time, there were advances in the understanding of the signaling by G-protein coupled receptors thanks to the development of novel cannabinoids by Pfizer. Further research using the Pfizer cannabinoid confirmed the action of CB1 via G-protein coupled receptors in 1990. The CB2 receptor was discovered in 1993. This work showed that cannabinoids have the ability to inhibit or activate adenylate cyclase by acting via G-protein coupled receptors. Since then, a great deal has been revealed about these receptors and how they work. CB1 receptors are found mostly in the central and peripheral nervous system where they mediate the inhibition of transmitter release. Welcome to our news site. Subscribe to the Cannadelics Weekly Newsletter for updates on stories, and for access to offers on tons of merchandise, including cannabis flowers, vapes, edibles, smoking devices, cannabinoid compounds, and more. Please choose the products you’re happiest to use! The Discovery of EndocannabinoidsEarly research showed that the distribution pattern and action of CB1 receptors in the central nervous system enabled them to produce hypokinesia (diminished motor activity) and catalepsy (type of seizure) as well as induce signs of analgesia (pain relief.) CB2 receptors are found mainly in immune cells and the likely role of these receptors includes modulation of cytokine release and immune cell migration –cytokines are a broad category of protein peptides that act as immune cell modulators. The question then became whether or not the effect of a cannabinoid could be mediated by the receptor. Again, the answer came from the lab of Dr. Raphael Mechoulam. In 1992, a researcher working in his lab identified a lipophilic molecule that had the ability to activate CB1 receptors. Receptors and molecules can play different role, acting as either agonist or antagonist. An agonist is a molecule that stimulates an effect while antagonists inhibit an effect. At this time it was noted that the molecule had a partially inhibitory effect, and was classified as a CB1 receptor partial agonist. It was identified as arachidonoyl ethanolamide, and named anandamide, taken from the Sanskrit word “ananda,” meaning bliss. Following on from the discovery of anandamide, it was discovered that mammalian tissue contains a number of other fatty acid derivatives that behave as endogenous cannabinoids. Apart from anandamide, the most studied of these is 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG.) Endogenous cannabinoids are synthesized on demand, and are mainly degraded by enzymes. Anandamide is degraded by fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and 2-AG by monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL.) Most endocannabinoids have been identified as high- or low- efficacy cannabinoid receptor agonists. ![]() It’s now also known that as well as activating CB1 and CB2 receptors, anandamide can also activate vanilloid TRPV1 receptors. These receptors are designed to detect a wide range of temperatures from hot (TRPV1 and TRPV2) to cold (TRPA1) noxious temperatures and innocuous thermal stimuli (TRPV3, TRPV4, TRPM8.) These receptors are expressed in sensory nerve fibers and non-neuronal cells. The TRPV1 receptor is also known as the capsaicin receptor. Capsaicin is what makes the red chili pepper hot. FINAL THOUGHTS ON THC METABOLISMMore recent research has shown that CB1 receptors are not only present in cell plasma membranes but also functionally present in brain and muscle mitochondria (mtCB1) where they regulate cellular respiration and energy production. Various studies between 2012 and 2014 show that the activation of brain mtCB1 reduces mitochondrial respiration and energy (ATP) production, and in muscles they’re involved in the regulation of oxidation. This journey began with the call to understand the metabolism of one fascinating cannabinoid THC, and has led to a revision in the understanding of human biochemistry with new discoveries that continue to this day. Welcome readers!! Thanks for making your way to Cannadelics.com; a news platform where we work hard to offer high quality coverage of the cannabis and psychedelics landscapes. Hang out with us when you can to stay current on everything going on, and subscribe to the Cannadelics Weekly Newsletter, to ensure you’re never late on getting a story. The post The Journey to Understand the Metabolism of THC appeared first on Cannadelics. Via https://cannadelics.com/2022/12/18/the-journey-to-understand-the-metabolism-of-thc/
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These days we all know the state count for recreational legalizations in the US; and we all avidly watch for the next state to fall and the number to increase. That number? Right now its 19, right? Rhode Island legalized in May, bringing us to the last of the teens. But this undermines that yet another state technically passed a recreational policy, it just did it differently. What is the deal with the Minnesota weed loophole, and does it make Minnesota a legal state? The Minnesota weed loopholeSeveral months ago I covered the story. In short, on May 22nd of this year, Minnesota’s legislature passed a hemp reform bill, which came with a little caveat, not seen in other states. It legalized the use of hemp-derived THC in edible products of both the food and drink varieties. It only covers use for those 21 and above, and comes with some specific requirements. The bill officially passed on Sunday, May 22nd, and H.F. 4065 was signed into law by Governor Tim Walz on June 2nd. Sales for these products became legal starting July 1st. As far as regulations, it only allows for a small amount of THC with no more than 5mg per serving, and 50mg for a packet. Most states with legalization policies allow up to 10mg in a serving, so this is less, more like how Oregon had things for awhile, before increasing the amount allowed. As with any other instance of this nature, this simply means a person can take twice the amount to get a full dose, or more, if they need a bigger dose. The bill covers hemp-derived delta-9 THC, as well as CBD products for use in edibles. This is interesting, as it was Minnesota that made a big deal earlier about how federally, CBD was never legal for these products. This current bill, corrects the inconsistencies with federal law, and includes other minor cannabinoids like delta-8 THC as well. It doesn’t stop at edibles either, and includes the ability to use these cannabinoids in topicals as well as other applications. Welcome to our news site. Subscribe to the Cannadelics Weekly Newsletter for updates on stories, and for access to offers on tons of merchandise, including cannabis flowers, vapes, edibles, smoking devices, cannabinoid compounds, and more. Please choose the products you’re happiest to use! The law comes with other predictable requirements, like making sure edible packaging is childproof; that products don’t too closely resemble known products from other companies; and that products are tested for things like mold, heavy metals, pesticides, fertilizers, and solvents. These are standard requirements for all legal industries. What it doesn’t have, is a limit for purchase, meaning interested buyers can technically buy as much THC as they want. So, Minnesota is considered legal?That’s the thing about loopholes, they aren’t legalizations, just gray areas that have been exploited. To sum it up, Minnesota now allows the fully legal sale of edible products with THC in them (as well as other products like topicals), and it doesn’t limit how much a person can purchase, meaning there isn’t a maximum THC amount the state is saying a person can have at one given time. But it isn’t a state legal for recreational use. If you’re wondering how, or why, this discrepancy exists, there is a reason that might help to explain the Minnesota weed loophole. Right now, there is a cannabinoid gray/black market in the US. Essentially, products like delta-8 THC, HHC, and delta-9 are sold outside of regulation, and are found anywhere, including illegal states, where the products often thrive due to a lack of access to legal products. These compounds are advertised as ‘hemp-derived’ though they use synthetic processing. They are often sold by smaller companies making it hard for the government to regulate them. By making a law for ‘hemp-derived’ products, Minnesota took a step to take control of this part of the market, with the hopes of reigning in the untaxed market. “This stuff is out there,” explained Minnesota House Majority Leader Ryan Winkler, “The feds aren’t doing anything to regulate it. … So we had to figure out how to manage just kind of a wild west of THC sales.” Many lawmakers were caught off guard by this legislation, and its said that there might have even been confusion among some that this law would actually open the door to legal delta-9 THC. Sen. Jim Abeler, republican chair of the Senate Human Services Reform Finance and Policy Committee, put it this way, “I thought we were doing a technical fix, and it winded up having a broader impact than I expected.” Minnesota isn’t otherwise close to a legalization, either, though it has been trying. It does have a medical legalization from 2014, which has been expanded to increase access, but no recreational effort has made it through. This year, the republican-led senate quashed an adult-use bill, even though it had very strong democratic support. Which makes it look like the state is more interested in finding a way to control the black market, than to provide a fully legit legal one. After all, a fully legit legal market would allow the sale of flowers, vapes, and other products not covered by the current bill. Minnesota also has a decriminalization measure in place, stemming back to 1976. Under this measure, which came right after federal criminalization, possession up to 42.5 grams is a petty misdemeanor only, with a maximum fine attached of $200. The strangeness of the Minnesota loopholeOkay, so Minnesota is a state not legal for recreational use, that just instituted a law to allow the legal use of the drug it holds as illegal, with only the caveat it must come from hemp. To be clear, delta-9 coming from high-THC cannabis, and delta-9 coming from low-THC cannabis, or synthesized delta-9 for that matter, are all the same thing. But this loophole gets even weirder. ![]() For one thing, it has almost no licensing requirements for production or sale of the products. Regulations for both of these are heavily regulated in all legal state industries. This means, pretty much anyone can go ahead and cook up some edibles and then sell them, without the need for state approval. Says executive director of the Cannabis Regulators Association, Gillian Schauer, “They have effectively legalized a very different regulatory approach for hemp than we see in any other state.” And what more? No cannabis taxes apply. That’s right, what has been one of the biggest dampening factors of legal state programs, doesn’t apply to Minnesota and its weed loophole. The only taxes applied to these products are sales taxes, meaning Minnesota isn’t even benefiting from cannabis taxes, and these products are treated like regular food products. Not only that, while legal states generally allow local governments to choose if they want to participate in recreational programs, its not clear at the moment if local governments can opt out in Minnesota. Meaning as of right now, Minnesota’s law is more inclusive of the whole state, than other policies in legal states. This will likely be remedied in the next congressional session, and such choices will probably be given to local governments. Updates would also allow the taxation, and implementation of further regulation, by these local bodies. Right now, several locations have put moratoriums on the law (at least 30 cities and three counties), although most are simply holding back to see what happens next. The new legislation has been great for hemp farmers, that now have an outlet for their oversupply. Other strange aspects of the Minnesota weed loopholeThis Minnesota weed loophole causes confusion in other places. One is workplace drug testing. As many people didn’t quite understand the scope of the law, or have time to plan, many employers were left without the ability to create corresponding measures that won’t create liability for them. This was exemplified by Lauryn Schothorst, the director of workplace management and workforce development policy at Minnesota’s Chamber of Commerce, “Employers are concerned about testing and potential liabilities of their business’s drug policy. There are no guidelines on a marijuana impairment standard and no reliable testing method for marijuana intoxication; nor is there a way to differentiate consumption source.” And that “Minnesota’s employers should have the right to enforce drug or zero-tolerance policies that maintain their unique operational, safety, productivity and culture needs and manage compliance with appropriate federal drug laws.” The law also opened the door for an interesting lawsuit. In September, the company Vireo Health, a medical cannabis company which creates regular THC edibles from high-THC marijuana, filed suit on the grounds that this new law discriminates against it. According to the company, this involves a violation of constitutional rights. The company said this in a statement: “The so-called ‘hemp statute’ that took effect on July 1 allows ill-regulated, THC-infused products to be sold at unlicensed gas stations, smoke shops, corner grocery stores and virtually any other retail location across Minnesota. The THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) in these products – supposedly derived from hemp – is chemically identical to the THC derived from cannabis and produces the same effects. Consumers can’t tell the difference – nor can chemists, regulators or manufacturers – because there is no difference between THC derived from cannabis and THC derived from hemp.” ![]() The company then goes on to make an interesting – yet sense-making – request. The company requests in its filing, that it also be legally able to sell its marijuana-derived THC edibles to consumers outside the medical market, with all sales still complying with the new law. The company makes the argument that this is good for consumers anyway, as lab testing isn’t always enforced for hemp products. Said the company, “We are ready and eager to sell lab-tested edibles derived from cannabis. We hope that the Court will look favorably on our request and will act to protect consumers, patients, and Minnesota’s medical cannabis industry.” It isn’t known if a court is able to rule on this matter. Or if Vireo will simply be told to tailor its business model to use hemp rather than marijuana, in order to stay in compliance. This case could have resounding effects that go much further than this state though, as it does touch on an important topic. It works to invalidate the legal concept that something coming from the hemp plant, should be treated legally differently than the exact same thing that comes from a marijuana plant. ConclusionIt’s hard to say what will happen to Minnesota and its weed loophole come next legislative season. One thing for sure is, though Minnesota might not be considered a state legal for recreational use, it most certainly is one now. Which unofficially brings the count to 20, not 19. Welcome readers!! Thanks for making your way to Cannadelics.com; a news platform where we work hard to offer high quality coverage of the cannabis and psychedelics landscapes. Hang out with us when you can to stay current on everything going on, and subscribe to the Cannadelics Weekly Newsletter, to ensure you’re never late on getting a story. The post The Minnesota Weed Loophole & Why The State Is Now (Unofficially) Legal appeared first on Cannadelics. Via https://cannadelics.com/2022/12/17/the-minnesota-weed-loophole-why-the-state-is-now-unofficially-legal/ Anna Schwabe PhD is a cannabis genetics researcher focusing on population genetics. She currently works with 420 Organics, a recently licensed family-run hemp and cannabis farm in New Jersey that grows organically and with aquaponics. In this interview she shares her in-depth knowledge on cannabis genetics, how the science applies to the emerging industry, and the best ways to employ this practice for the benefit of growers and consumers, both medical and recreational. QUESTION: What are cannabis genetics, and how are they identified?There are two ways that people use the term cannabis genetics, and in the cannabis industry, it’s typically used to describe different varieties, seeds or clones. But that’s not how I use the term because I’m a geneticist, so to me, cannabis genetics means modes of inheritance, inherited traits and the different kind of traits that you can breed for such as yield, cannabinoid and terpene content, and color, which are called the transmission genetics. There’s also molecular genetics, looking at the DNA genome, genes, chromosomes, which are the genetic components of the organism. And there’s population genetics, my specialty, which means looking at the DNA genome but using that information to investigate relationships amongst different groups. This information can be used to compare different populations around the world, so let’s say Chinese versus North American cannabis but also intra-group relationships, such as hemp versus marijuana, wild versus cultivated, sativa versus indica, and it’s also possible to compare strains, for example, Chem Dog versus Blue Dream. So that’s what I’m referring to when I refer to cannabis genetics. QUESTION: How did you get into cannabis research?I’d always had an interest in cannabis, and even tried to grow plants in my parent’s basement when I was a teenager – my dad caught me, and that was the end of that. As an undergraduate, I studied a variety of drug and addiction modules as part of my Anatomy and Physiology degree, but I had no intention of entering the world of plants. However, due to a few different factors, I was forced to switch my major to Cellular and Molecular Biology and to take a Plant Systematics class – you know, one of those small decisions that became life changing. ![]() In order to graduate, I needed lab time, and ended up working with a professor named Mit McGlaughlin who at the time was running an experiment on genes. McGlaughlin’s lab specializes in the study of rare plants for conservation. I went onto to do a Masters, also working with Mit, and was the first student to graduate from his lab at the University of Northern Colorado. I went on to work for the Denver Botanic Gardens, managing their genetics lab. But I first became interested in cannabis research in 2015 when Colorado legalized adult-use cannabis. At the time, one of the researchers in my lab mentioned that when he bought Blue Dream from different dispensaries, it wasn’t the same. I knew most plants were bred through cloning as opposed to seeds, so why would there be a difference in appearance or effect? Was it the case that the same strains from different dispensaries were genetically identical or highly similar in the same way you’d find in seed lots? With my skills in population genetics, this was a question I could answer. So I approached Mit again, and proposed this research as part of a doctorate program. It took some negotiation but eventually he agreed. And I ended running four big experiments along side a module of Biology Education to meet the university’s credit score system. I completed my PhD in four years. It was a great experience. QUESTION: And what did you find?I did the experiment from a consumer perspective, meaning I didn’t let the dispensaries know I was a scientist conducting a study because I didn’t want them to change the product. I brought the strains back to the lab to investigate if they were the same, which is a straight yes or no question. In the end, I collected 30 different strains from 3 different states, and of those strains, 27 had at least one genetic outlier. And the 3 strains that were the same, there was genetic variance too. So, if you expand that out to a larger sample, it means there’s a lot of variety, and it’s likely that environmental factors play a role. It’s the same with identical twins. Even if they have an identical genetic code, they don’t turn out exactly the same as adults. By the same token, you can find two people who are not at all related and yet they look very similar. In the case of dispensaries, it’s possible that strains got mixed up or mislabeled or even re-labeled to sell it faster. When that happens there’s no way to go back to the dispensary, and say, “this isn’t Blue Dream,” because of course, they’ll say, “how do you know?” The problem is there’s no one policing this. And it may just be an honest mistake on the part of the dispensary because the strain looks so similar to another strain, they’re sure that’s what it is. To be honest, this problem is not unique to cannabis. It happens across the food industry, one example is the fish industry where studies find sampled fish is not the same as advertised. But again, there’s no way for consumers to police this. Thanks for stopping by the site. Keep up with the Joneses by subscribing to the Cannadelics Weekly Newsletter, and also get yourself access to awesome deals on cannabis flowers, vapes, edibles, smoking devices, cannabinoid compounds (like delta-8 and HHC), and tons more. Get yourself baked. Please do it responsibly. QUESTION: Is there a way to police this?To be honest, this problem doesn’t just affect consumers, and there’s really no way to know at what point in the supply chain thing went awry. It can all the way up to the person supplying the seed or the clone. Unless you get it from the breeder who bred that specific strain, there’s no way to tell what you’re getting, and it’s the same for growers, dispensary owners and consumers. Now, when people ask me, how do I know what I’m buying, I say, you don’t. Instead, I tell consumers that if you find something you like, go back to the dispensary and buy it in bulk because the chances of you finding it again are slim. QUESTION: What causes these genetic differences?A range of different factors can be at play, for example, in-breeding depression or accumulation of mutations. When you have a mother plant, and you cut clones, all those clones become unique individuals subject to their own stresses and environment. The mother can also change because she’s stressed by the cutting, and once she develops stress markers, she can pass those onto her clones. These are called epigenetic changes, where they epigenome is changing but the DNA is not. The plant can’t get up and move, so it adapts its epigenome to survive, and it passed on those changes to its offspring. QUESTION: So really, every plant is individual?Yes. If someone gave each of us a clone from the same plant, and each of grew it in our homes, those plants would turn out very different because we’ll treat those plants differently, different soil, nutrients, weather conditions, and so on. One way to combat this problem is to develop a set of standard growing conditions which includes a specific soil, light, nutrient regime, and so on. That way we can say a given plant should turn out in a given way, and if there are deviations from the regime, results will vary. That would enable growers and dispensaries to say, a given plant was or was not grown under the standard conditions, and as a result, the plant may be better, for example have more cannabinoids or terpenes. In this way, growers can still put their art into the process, and consumers have benchmark. QUESTION: How important is it for consumers to be aware of this situation?This becomes really important when talking about medicinal cannabis, as patients need a consistent quality. So if they can search for the strain grown under standard conditions, it gives them some guarantee that it will work for them. But to be fair, we deal with this same problem in other industries. In the wine industry for example we know what a Chardonnay is supposed to look and taste like but individual wineries will produce their wine in a different way, growing the grapes under certain conditions. Plus, we know there are excellent wineries out there, and not so good ones too. So, we know how to do this, and the same set up applies to the cannabis industry. And consumers know how to get around it. One good way is to find a favorite grower. QUESTION: Do Indica and Sativa classifications add to the confusion?Yes and no. Indica and sativa describe growth morphologies as well as a set of effects and those two things are not correlated in any way. For the consumer, all we’re taking about is a type of an effect. But no consumer is going to know what the plant looks like, so in that regard it doesn’t matter at all. That’s for scientists to figure out, and it’s driving us crazy because none of us can agree on anything. I think of indica and sativa as different categories, in the same way I think about beer and wine. Some people like beer, some like wine, and they have an expectation of its effect. Some people, like me, can’t drink beer at all because it puts them to sleep. But not everybody has that experience. And the same is true of cannabis. I know people who say, sativa has the opposite effect on me, it puts me to sleep, or I start cleaning when I consume indica. Everyone has their own unique chemistry, which means the same plant will interact with them in different ways. We can describe the effects of these plants in a general way but it’s important to let people experiment and make their own decisions based on their preferences. QUESTION: Can genetics testing offer consumers a better experience?Not really. Again, it would be more important to test the genetics of the consumer, the same way we do with drugs, but that’s expensive. In terms of scientific discovery, we don’t have a clear genetics split on indica and sativa but we can’t expect to see such a clear differentiation within a species. There are examples of species that are only differentiated by six regions in the genome but are completely different – I’m thinking of a bird. The point is small changes in the genome create big differences. There are 800 million base pairs in the cannabis genome so we haven’t looked at them all, and of the ones we are looking at, such as a cannabinoids and terpenes, we’re only researching a handful. We’re looking at 15 cannabinoids and 35 terpenes, but there are more than 120 cannabinoids and terpenes each. Also, abundance does not equate to potency. There are some compounds that are very potent that are only found in small amounts, an example is THCP, which is 30 times more potent than THC. So there could be compounds in tiny quantities that we’re not even testing for that are driving these indica and sativa effects. It’s a very bold statement to say, there’s no difference between indica and sativa because we just don’t know yet. We only found THCP in 2021, and more recently we discovered that the compound responsible for the smell of skunk is not a terpene but a thiol called 321MBT. QUESTION: When more scientific research comes out, do you see cannabis as a gateway for personalized medicine?Cannabis is an incredibly complex plant. I have a friend with brain damage who was having all sorts of problems and he found a strain that helped him, so he began breeding for it. He bred generations of this clone, arriving at a strain that really helped him, but it was an odd strain with hardly any THC in it. But again, we’re not testing for every compound so we’ve no idea what each plant has in it. Even if we have all the genetic information it doesn’t mean that the plant will express it. I think that whole plant medicine is always better rather than individual components, and I know there are companies out there working on specific formulations for specific conditions. But it doesn’t matter what drug a patient is taking, there’s typically a trial and error process involved to find the correct dosage for that patient. The same is true for cannabis. Everyone has to figure out the dose that works best for them. This interviewed has been condensed and edited. Welcome everyone!! Thanks for joining us at Cannadelics.com; a news site geared toward the independent reporting of the cannabis and psychedelics spaces. Pay us a visit regularly to stay on top of everything going down, and sign up for the Cannadelics Weekly Newsletter, so you’re never late on getting a story. The post Can Cannabis Genetics Improve the Consumer Experience? appeared first on Cannadelics. Via https://cannadelics.com/2022/12/17/can-cannabis-genetics-improve-the-consumer-experience/ On Sunday 20th of November, a group claiming to represent the management team at Juicy Fields and calling themselves the Anti-Crisis Committee issued a statement in video format on their website, promising to refund all investors who have lost money, as well as establish relationships with pharmaceutical companies in order to supply medicinal cannabis internationally. If you’re not aware of the Juicy Fields scandal, let me give you a brief outline. In short, this company invited people to make small investments to fund small growers of cannabis all over the world but predominantly in far-flung Latin American and Asian countries. In summer of 2022, the enterprise collapsed when it was discovered that funds had been misappropriated to offshore bank accounts and management was nowhere to be found. Investors had no way to access their funds, and have reportedly lost more than 2 billion. It’s been billed as the largest scam in cannabis history. In the video, six burly dudes sit around a coffee table, smoking blunts, wearing black hoodies and Anonymous masks, while a computerized recording playing on a laptop issues a list of promises to customers. The gang nods along as if to indicate their sincerity. But it’s impossible to ignore the fact that they’re dressed like thugs. Is this the cannabis industry we want? Lars Olofsson, a lawyer based in Sweden, is representing 800 investors from more than 50 countries that lost money in the Juicy Fields scam. In a recent podcast with The Cannabis Review he explains the case and its impact on victims. QUESTION: What is Juicy Fields?The company was set up in spring of 2020 as an e-commerce platform inviting people to invest is cannabis grow operations based around the world. Investors were called e-growers. The company’s website claimed operations all over the world in South America, central America, Europe and Asia, making it a global enterprise from day one. They presented a new way of investing in the cannabis industry, a new and disruptive concept, a co-op model. Thanks for stopping by the site. Keep up with the Joneses by subscribing to the Cannadelics Weekly Newsletter, and also get yourself access to awesome deals on cannabis flowers, vapes, edibles, smoking devices, cannabinoid compounds (like delta-8 and HHC), and tons more. Get yourself baked. Please do it responsibly. QUESTION: How long was the company operating?According to my research, they put a lot of planning into this project and were in planning stage for at least 2 years before launching the website in April 2020. They were operating up until July of 2022. They took in the majority of investors over this 2-year period. But the parent company started in 2017 as a research and development company. Essentially, this company was presented as a start-up in the cannabis industry, and as I’m also an investor in the space, as well as a lawyer, they caught my attention back then. The parent company, Juicy Grow, is based in Germany, and is a German company. They have subsidiaries in Switzerland, and possibly Cyprus. QUESTION: When did people realize the company was not legit?That happened in July of this year when all of a sudden the website was shut down, and emails and mobile numbers were disconnected. That’s when the people wondered if the problem was technical or something greater. I’ve been investigating investment scams for the last 15 years, and I can spot a kind of pattern or playbook that most of these scams employ. They tend to shut down and disconnect everything, and post on the website saying this is just a “temporary problem,” due to “management conflicts,” and we’ll be “back soon.” This is smart because it gives people hope, and the illusion that they’re not being scammed when they are. QUESTION: Is there a money trail? Do we know where funds were going? Was this a money-laundering scheme?In my research, I’ve identified more than 125,000 investors from all over the world. Business was done between investors and a Dutch company, Juicy Fields BV, through an account in Cyprus. The bulk of cash flow went to this bank in Cyprus. What I’ve discovered over the course of my work is that the criminals involved in this type of crime are typically using the scam as a cover for other criminal activities, meaning they build an infrastructure, which is used for various purposes. ![]() So, Juicy Fields is just one branch of a much larger operation. In this case, my research shows evidence of a money-laundering scheme. I suspect that the money-laundering operation could be three to four times the size of the investment in Juicy Fields. By my calculation, some amount close to 2 billion euro has been lost by investors. QUESTION: Is there a specific country that’s been most affected?The numbers are uncertain, but my team and I have been in contact with more than 20,000 people from all over the world, which is where I get the figure of 125,000. Germany is definitely one of the largest investment pools with up to 11,000 investors. Spain, around 10,000 investors; Portugal, around 8,000 investors. Mexico and France are also affected. But really, this scam affects thousands of people in more or less every country. QUESTION: Is there strong evidence to convict the perpetrators in court?Yes. As I said, my research shows that these people had been planning this for years. If we can show planning as well as investment of time and money in infrastructure, which we can, we can also be sure that these people planned their exit strategy to ensure that they keep this money. There’s no logic in stealing 2 billion euro unless you can keep it. My strategy is never to go after the criminals because they are so far ahead of the game. Instead, I go after the people that facilitated the sales and marketing. That’s why I’m targeting some of the large social media companies and some media outlets that allowed Juicy Fields to promote their offer. These companies cannot just say, we didn’t know! They need to do some level of due diligence. No matter who you are in the cannabis industry you need to have a license to operate. And if you’re a company that handles funds for investment, you also need a license. So these companies should have asked two very simple questions: 1. Do you have a license to trade in cannabis? 2. Do you have a license to give investment advice or conduct investment management? I have a list of more than 40 companies who facilitated sales and marketing for Juicy Fields, as well as a list of more than 70 individuals that helped the company with these services. These people who work in the industry should have asked these two simple questions, and should have understood that the business model simply does not work. First of all, the profits margins are tiny, but more than that there’s no proof of any end-buyers. This company has not sold any flower to any identified end-buyer. But people also need to understand that there are no big returns on investment in the cannabis industry, and certainly not in farming, as in all types of farming, the profit margins are very small. So, promising a margin of 66% within 3 months is ridiculous. So, the cannabis professionals should have known this offer made no sense. QUESTION: Can the people who lost money be refunded?In 95% of these cases, the end result is a settlement out of court. Up until now, most of the social media companies are ignoring me, so now I’m preparing a legal strategy to take this to court. My goal is to a set a precedent for facilitators to make sure they do some basic due diligence in the future. And when damage is caused, they also have to take responsibility. My clients have lost so much money, on average more than 32,000euro, and these are not wealthy people. Most of them are just ordinary people who wanted to support the cannabis industry. So, these people have also had to deal with the mental distress of this situation because most of them have lost everything they had. This interview has been edited and condensed. You can watch the podcast here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g30FTyc-djs If anyone would like to contact Mr. Olofsson to get more details on the case, please visit the website Juicy Fields Case.com: https://juicyfieldscase.com/ Welcome everyone!! Thanks for joining us at Cannadelics.com; a news site geared toward the independent reporting of the cannabis and psychedelics spaces. Pay us a visit regularly to stay on top of everything going down, and sign up for the Cannadelics Weekly Newsletter, so you’re never late on getting a story. The post The Largest Scam in Cannabis History: The Juicy Fields Case appeared first on Cannadelics. Via https://cannadelics.com/2022/12/17/the-largest-scam-in-cannabis-history-the-juicy-fields-case/ A lot can change in 10 years, and through 10 years of running an industry, a lot becomes clear. When Colorado first legalized cannabis, it was one of the first states to do so. Now, 10 years later, more markets are open, issues of overproduction have surfaced, and the original tax structure has shown to be a major weight on industry growth and competitive measures. Right now, Colorado and its problems show us the current issues of today’s weed industry. Colorado and cannabis legalizationColorado was one of two states (along with Washington) to pass a recreational cannabis ballot measure during the November elections of 2012. Known as Amendment 64, this initiated constitutional amendment legalized the recreational use of cannabis in the state. This measure came six years after a nearly identical measure, failed. How’d the vote actually go? 55.32% of the voting population was ready to take the step to marijuana legalization, accounting for 1,383,139 yes votes. On the other hand, 44.68% of the population preferred not to take that step, accounting for 1,116,894 no votes. Amendment 64 didn’t come with all aspects of regulation formulated, but it did come with certain understandable points. According to the amendment, adults can have up to an ounce (28 grams) of cannabis, which they can also travel with. They can give that much as a gift too, so long as the recipient is at least 21. Adults can have up to six plants for home cultivation, though only half can be mature and flowering at once, and all marijuana from the plants counts as legal possession. Possession is for residents and non-residents alike (from a 2016 update). Thanks for joining us. Remember to subscribe to the Cannadelics Weekly Newsletter to access updates; along with deals for all kinds of products like cannabis flowers, vapes, edibles, smoking devices, cannabinoid compounds (including delta-8), and a host more. Great for all your holiday shopping needs! Funny enough, one of the biggest issues to plague the industry – high taxes, was not established in the original amendment, and was set in a follow-up ballot measure in 2013. At that time the residents of the state voted on Proposition AA, which was what instituted a 15% excise tax, and a 10% sales tax. That’s 25% in taxes that the public was okay with, and which the public likely didn’t understand would burden the burgeoning industry. Colorado and overproduction 10 years after legalizationWe just had the 2022 elections, meaning its been a full 10 years since Colorado became a weed legal state with an operational industry. It means we have about a decade of time to look at how the industry has moved and changed over that period, and where Colorado currently stands. Here are some of the important things to know. Things aren’t going great in Colorado with its weed industry, and there are several factors at play. Colorado is experiencing a massive downturn in overall cannabis business, with a steady decrease in month-over-month sales data. Much of this problem stems from the same overproduction issue that has plagued other states like California. If too much product is out there for any industry, the general price slides down. Cultivators want to get rid of their stock and wholesale prices get lower and lower with all the competition. In July it was reported that the $1,309/pound that was expected a year ago, went down 46% to $709/pound. Take a further step back and in January 2021, it was as high as $1,721/pound. Though this isn’t the only time the market saw fluctuation, its previous low, in 2018, was higher at $759/pound. This new low in price is compounded by a reduction in overall sales for 12 months straight, also reported in July of this year. This is similar to most other legal states, particularly California, which has felt the burn of overproduction so badly, that it finally lowered its taxes. Overproduction signals two things. First, it means a huge amount of competition between legal operators who are growing too much, but it also means a likely increase in black market production as well. Whereas legal operators are still required to attach the taxes set up through regulation (which affect final price), illegal operators aren’t bound to this, meaning they can drop prices faster in a comparable situation. ![]() If prices worked completely in tandem with overproduction, then perhaps sales numbers wouldn’t have slipped as much. Lowered prices mean less revenue, but they also mean being more competitive, and attracting buyers who compare prices. A legal market price can’t always change as quickly as a black market price in response to an issue like overproduction, since legal changes are required to get the price down. So while overproduction has led to lower prices, there are limits to this, mainly because of taxation. Colorado and taxes 10 years after legalizationThe overproduction issue overlaps with one of the other main issues, taxes. And this issue has been an issue since the industry began, although its become highlighted by how overproduction affects price. Remember that 25% in taxes mentioned above which was voted in by the people? Not only is that already exorbitantly high, with the excuse of sin taxes used to propel it, but apparently the rate got higher. The tax laws put in place all those years ago were not exactly final. Along with the explained 25%, and the additional 2.9% sales tax applied to all products, a 5% increase in the already existent statewide cannabis sales tax was levied in 2017, bringing it from 10% to 15%, and making for a total taxation of 32.9%. According to chief marketing officer Joe Hodas of Wana Brands in Boulder, “People don’t seem to understand that if we continue to add taxes and make legal cannabis more expensive, consumers will continue to (seek out) the black market.” Such is the case. In a showing that not everyone catches onto mistakes, even as they become more obvious, Dan Pabon, a Colorado state representative who was one of the original lawmakers involved in constructing the early cannabis policy (and who then went on to work as general counsel for Schwazze out of Denver), said this: “Colorado’s model has been wildly successful… And I say that because most of the states that have adopted recreational cannabis into their system have used, if not in whole, in part Colorado’s rules and regulations.” Of course, most states are having huge issues, which makes this statement more than a little off; and separately frustrating in showing how those who write legislation are often way outside the realm of reality. In fact, very few in the cannabis world seem to be making money according to economists in the field. And coupled with recent actions like Canopy Growth in Canada selling its retail locations, Weedmaps cutting 25% of its staff, and the introduction of slotting fees that act as rent payments to dispensaries, and it seems that whatever models exist, really aren’t working that well. ![]() In reality it’s shown to be an incredibly difficult industry for legal operators, and that has an affect on tax revenue numbers across the board. Though publications come out shouting about all this cannabis tax revenue, the better questions are, ‘how much was expected?’ and ‘can those amounts hold?’ When a novel industry is no longer novel, and better-priced options exist, should a government expect the same response from its people over time? How bad are sales in Colorado?Just how bad is the situation in Colorado? We went over the price per pound which has fallen around $1000 dollars within the last two years. What about overall revenue? In August it was reported that cannabis sales in Colorado were down to $150.4 million, a 2.2% decrease from July. However, that was the eighth month in a row for either very little sales growth, or a decrease. March had the highest sales with $162.5 million. Sure, these don’t sound like small numbers necessarily, but when compared to past numbers it becomes clearer that there’s an issue in the Colorado weed industry. Consider that in July 2020, numbers were as high as $226.4 million. That’s a $76 million drop from that time till August of this year, and a 33.6% overall decrease. Maybe this is why Colorado is now going full force with psychedelics, exemplified by a pre-emptive MDMA legalization, and a voted-in measure by the public for legal entheogenic plants. If overall sales are down, it also means government revenue is down as well, as taxes can’t be collected if products aren’t sold. In 2021, the government of Colorado earned $423.5 million from cannabis taxes and fees. This year going through September, the state brought in $251.7 million, which means a likely yearly haul of no more than $313 million. In terms of total yearly sales, 2021 saw $2.2 billion for the year, whereas 2022 through September has so far only reached $1.2 billion, making for an expected yearly total of not more than $1.5 billion. And both estimates are if sales don’t go down more. Though there’s nothing saying the industry can’t rise back up, there are definitely some things to consider; most importantly, pricing. Though overproduction has certainly led to price drops, even these drops can’t compete with the black market. If Colorado really wants its industry to rise again, (which means taking back money it was previously diverting from the black market), it will have to lower taxes to be competitive. Or hope for a miracle. ConclusionColorado and its issues with the current weed industry, highlight what all legal markets are up against right now. A lot has happened in 10 years, what can we expect in the next 10? Hello and welcome! Thanks for making your way to Cannadelics.com; a news platform where we work hard to bring you the utmost in reporting for the cannabis and psychedelics spaces. Chill with us daily to stay up-to-date, and sign up for the Cannadelics Weekly Newsletter, to ensure you’re always up on what’s going down. The post Cannabis Problems Part 1: Colorado and Lower Sales appeared first on Cannadelics. Via https://cannadelics.com/2022/12/16/cannabis-problems-part-1-colorado-and-lower-sales/ As the cannabis legalization movement spreads across the globe, regular users are getting caught in the crosshairs of authorities desperate to hold onto the old regime. Ireland is a country that lags way behind its European neighbors in terms of developing a new legal framework for the legalization of cannabis. John O’Regan is an Irish citizen who has experienced firsthand the cost of getting caught with weed.His run-ins with the law began seven years ago, and have resulted in a number of charges, including cultivation, possession and trafficking. In November 2022, he was cleared of trafficking but was charged with possession and cultivation. He’s currently awaiting sentencing, which may include a custodial sentence. Sadly, his story is not unique, but it also clearly illustrates the trauma inflicted on regular users when they are treated like criminals. QUESTION: Can you explain what first brought you to the attention of the Irish Gardaí (the police force in Ireland are known as Gardaí)?In 2015 I was knocked off my bike, and the officer who questioned me about the incident, a very nice guy, said he’d do everything in his power to find out who did it. Six months later, he decided to call round to my flat to update me on the case. Now, the only reason he called to my house was because he was a nice guy and wanted to show he was taking the case seriously. So here we are, six months later and there are three officers knocking on my door at six in the evening. ![]() I’d just had my dinner and was having a smoke. I couldn’t open the door because they would have gotten the whiff of weed. They twigged something was up. The next day, the Gardaí came back, this time with a warrant, and that was the first time they raided my flat. That was the beginning of seven years of hell for me. QUESTION: What was it like being raided the first time?Awful. Again, they called around to my flat about six in the evening, and this time I’d been in bed all afternoon. So when they called around, I stuck my head out the window to let them know I’d open the door. The key was on my nightstand so I had to go back inside to the room to get it, and I told them so. Once they heard that, they lost it, started shouting up at me, telling me to open the door immediately or they’d break it down. I was telling them I couldn’t open the door without a key. At one point, one of the officers picked up a rock and aimed for the window. The blood drained from my face. As soon as that happened, the officer smiled, like he was happy to see how scared or unnerved he’d made me. I had about 8 plants at the time, four flowering, and four in vegetative state. QUESTION: Once you’d come to the attention of the police, why did you keep growing?The way I calculate it, it costs me about 40euro to grow one plant, maybe a bit more now that energy prices have gone up, but around that. Of course, that’s not how the police look at it. They value each plant at 800euro on the assumption there’s a yield of 40grams from each plant. So when they caught me with the four flowering plants, they claimed my grow had a value of more than 3,000euro. They’re thinking about potential profit whereas I’m thinking about how much I can save. QUESTION: Why were you charged with cultivation and possession?In 2018, I was going to a 420 event in Dublin, and decided to get some t-shirts printed up with The Irish Cannabis Party logo on them. I’m not sure what happened exactly but reckon that somebody in the sorting office must have seen the logo through the packaging, and spotted the word “cannabis.” I got home one day on a Tuesday and five minutes later, the Ennis Drug Squad was in my flat expecting to find a drug haul. When they saw the t-shirts they were fuming. I’m not sure what they were expecting? Thanks for stopping by the site. Keep up with the Joneses by subscribing to the Cannadelics Weekly Newsletter, and also get yourself access to awesome deals on cannabis flowers, vapes, edibles, smoking devices, cannabinoid compounds (like delta-8 and HHC), and tons more. Get yourself baked. Please do it responsibly. Who would send a delivery of cannabis with the word “cannabis” clearly visible on the package? Anyway, they didn’t find any drugs in the postal package but they did find the plants that I was growing in my spare room. I had 16 plants in the room and they calculated the total dry weight to be over the limit of 13,000 euro. If the Gardaí find an amount greater than that, they automatically assume you’re dealing. QUESTION: Did they charge you straight away?Actually no, that took a few years. When they came around to the flat that day in 2018, they took my phone, a ballast, a reflector and two fans. In 2020, more than eighteen months later, I happened to be talking to a retired police officer, and I asked him if the statute of limitations had passed on the case? He said they should have charged me within a year. Because they hadn’t issued any charges, I sent a registered letter asking for the return of my equipment. That brought me back to their attention, and finally, almost two years later, charges were issued. QUESTION: Why grow 16 plants, why not grow less and stay under the radar?It was purely experimental. I’d actually just bought another reflector and wanted to see if I could make better use of the room I was using to grow. I didn’t spend much money on the equipment, in fact, I was using the cheapest stuff I could find. I also have a friend with MS, and had it in the back of my mind to start giving him flower to help him out. But to be honest, there was nothing professional about this grow room. All the plants were at different heights, some flowering, some not. The Gardaí called it “a sophisticated operation,” which was laughable. The room was a mess. QUESTION: Why did you send that letter?Because I’m also interested in changing the law, and know there are surely thousands of people in Ireland waiting for the day that they can light up in peace at home without having to worry about that dreaded knock on the door. Plus, I thought it was safe. But I was wrong. They could still prosecute me, and they did. QUESTION: Your court case came up in November 2022. What was it like?What really struck me about the court proceedings was the way the Gardaí manipulated language when presenting evidence. For example, one of the officers referred to my timer as a “thermostat,” and the lamps as “heaters,” and called the grow, “sophisticated.” In reality, I had a couple of LED bulbs and plants in pots dotted around the room, but they made it sound very different to the judge and the jury. I mean everyone knows what bulbs are but if you start calling them “heaters,” and calling timers “thermostats,” it’s going to confuse people. QUESTION: What is your sentence?I was found guilty of possession and cultivation in the circuit court. There’ll be a hearing in December, and at that hearing they decide the date for sentencing, which could be some time next spring. I’ve no idea if it will be a custodial sentence, but I have to be prepared for that possibility. QUESTION: What are the different ways this case has affected you?I don’t get stopped all the time but sometimes it feels that way. At this stage, my flat has been raided six or seven times, and I’ve been picked up off the street twice. Now, every time I leave my flat and spot a cop car on the street, I freeze. That’s what happened Christmas week 2020. It was about half past nine in the morning and I was going into town to do some shopping. The Gardaí station is next door to the supermarket. A Garda car came racing around the corner with three officers, pulled up alongside me, one of them jumped out and started shouting: “You’re under arrest.” It was like being in a movie. ![]() They kept asking for my name, but I wouldn’t give it. And when they told me to get into the car, I asked what I was being arrested for? At the time, they said it was drug-related. Later, I found out I was arrested under Section 20, which is Public Order Offense, and apparently if you’re arrested under this section, you’re obliged by law to give your name and address. I mean, it was half nine in the morning, I wasn’t drunk, wasn’t bothering anyone. They brought me down to the station, strip-searched me, and put me in a cell. And when I was in the station, one of the officers who knew me came in and asked what was going on, why they’d picked me up? They replied it was something to do with the way I was looking at them. And this Garda replies: “He was looking at you because we keep arresting him.” When I finally spoke to my solicitor about it, he said I’d have to plead guilty because it’s an offense not to give your name under Section 20. As soon as I pleaded guilty in court, the judge roared at the top of his voice, “Drugs!” He wouldn’t let my solicitor apply for anything, kept cutting him off, repeating the word, “drugs, drugs,” and fined me 200euro. So, not only did they ruin my Christmas, they managed to get a conviction out of it. Now, that’s on my record, and I’m sure it affected the outcome on this case. If a judge looks at a case and see just cultivation, for example, it’s one thing, but lined up next to a Public Order conviction, of course, he’s going to assume this person is a nuisance. It sounds small but all these things add up, and really take a toll. Right now, getting caught with weed in Ireland has a cost, mentally. I’m on a waiting list to talk with a counselor. This interview has been edited and condensed. Welcome everyone!! Thanks for joining us at Cannadelics.com; a news site geared toward the independent reporting of the cannabis and psychedelics spaces. Pay us a visit regularly to stay on top of everything going down, and sign up for the Cannadelics Weekly Newsletter, so you’re never late on getting a story. The post The Cost of Getting Caught with Weed in Ireland appeared first on Cannadelics. Via https://cannadelics.com/2022/12/15/the-cost-of-getting-caught-with-weed-in-ireland/ Just in time for the holiday our famous Christmas Sale is starting. With the best offers on high-THC and psychedelic products, this sale is a must for any product lover. Whether it is Delta-8, HHC, Delta-9 THC, THC-P, THC-O, HHC-P, THC-B or even the new super-popular THCA by choosing one of the deals below, you could save big on premium products! Effective-blends, live-rosin products, high-potency edibles or just ‘regular’ vapes, now it’s the time to buy as everything is on Christmas sale! Disposables, gummies, vape carts, diamonds or flowers, they are all offered with huge discounts allowing you to stock-up on all the best products. Pick one, three or even ten products and take advantage of the unique offers, only available on Christmas. *** NEW: in the psychedelics section (below the THC deals), you could find amazing deal on Amanita Mushroom Gummies, a legal magic mushroom. Christmas Sale: Vape Carts, Disposables, Edibles and DiamondsTo help you save money on premium products we have created a short-list of the best deals availabe today, with items that demonstrate both quality, potency and efficacy as-well-as great pricing. As always, the best products on our Christmas sale are reserved to the readers of our newsletter, so subscribe or use the sign-in form below. Want to get our daily news updates?
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ABOUT MEHallo, ik ben Rosalina Klerkx, ik ben een RHIA-gecertificeerde zorgbeheerder met meer dan 6 jaar ervaring in het creëren van een productieve omgeving voor zorgprofessionals. Leiding gegeven aan een team van 12 opname- en verkoopmedewerkers in een instelling voor langdurige zorg met meer dan 170 patiënten. Opstellen van complexe HIPAA-conforme rapporten aan patiëntendienstcoördinatoren in een zorgkliniek. Archives
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