Psychedelics and rock n roll have gone hand in hand for decades. The Beatles enjoyed acid, Hendrix was known to dabble in LSD and Eric Clapton also enjoyed hallucinogens. The question is: do psychedelics cause brilliance? Or does brilliance gravitate towards psychedelics? Today we’re going to be zooming in on psychedelic rock band Pink Floyd and, more specifically, their lead guitarist and lyricist Syd Barrett. His musical career and life is perhaps the perfect example of the highs and lows of LSD.Did it make him? Or did it break him? That’s up for debate, but an interesting story no less. The legalization of psychedelics is a hot topic of discussion right now, and we’re here to keep you updated every step of the way. For more articles like this one, remember to subscribe to the Psychedelics Weekly Newsletter, your top source for everything related to this growing and important industry. Pink FloydIn 2004, the Independent referred to Pink Floyd as ‘the biggest band of all time’ “Now Pink Floyd have received an accolade to match the enormity of their sound and performances – by being named the biggest band of all time, ahead of acts such as Led Zeppelin and the Rolling Stones.” But who actually were these guys and why did they leave such a mark on the world? Pink Floyd, previously known as Pink Floyd Sound, were a psychedelic rock band who formed in the 1960s. The main members were Syd Barrett on lead guitar and lyrics, bassist Roger Waters, keyboard player Rick Wright and guitarist David Gilmour. These four made up the original band. It’s important to remember that Pink Floyd still exists today, sort of. Syd Barrett, after struggling with LSD, died in 2004 of Pancreatic Cancer. He was the life and soul of the band, therefore, the group were never really the same again after that. Similar to how Joy Division tried to continue as New Order after the death of the incredible Ian Curtis. It was never really the same. Pink Floyd boasted 15 studio albums, 4 live albums, 27 singles and 6 number one albums. Their best selling song was Another Brick in the Wall and their number one album was Dark Side of the Moon. The band led the psychedelic rock genre during their time. In fact, their sound was so original, that it’s hard not to know when you’re hearing a Floyd tune. The choral music, reverby guitar and spiritual lyrics are such a symptom of Pink Floyd’s genius and, specifically, the magic of Syd Barrett. He, many believe, was the diamond in the crown. Far Out Magazine goes into depth about why Syd’s writing ability was so unique: “A true genius pop song economises its use of time. The hardest part of writing a good pop song is crafting that rare gem of a centre – the easy part is creating the shell around it. So when that time comes, the listener will have been entranced in the outer layers of the song. The gem within the middle makes itself known and shines its mystique, blinding the listener just for a few moments, and while it is a short moment at that, it completely changes our understanding and feelings regarding the song – that is the hook…Syd understood how to write this kind of hook.’ ![]() Syd Barrett most definitely suffered from mental health issues and his obsession with LSD, many believed, to be worsening his condition. However, this is only speculation. The fact is that in 1968, during a recording of their album A Saucerful of Secrets , David Gilmour began to take more guitar and band responsibilities due to Barrett’s condition. Gilmour joined the band in January of 1968 as the frontman and guitarist and, essentially, replaced Syd who he’d known since their school days. Barrett was reportedly mentally unbalanced and dealing with drug addiction. He was unhinged. In an open and honest interview about his guilt after 1968, Gilmour said: “I don’t suppose I saw any option, but to just do the best that I could. I’m sure we were all full of some sort of guilt, and remained that way for a long time… I think there were only five gigs, as I remember it, where there was the five of us played together. Then we ceased to go pick him up.” After this, Pink Floyd were never the same. However, it’s important to note that whilst rock n roll is full of genius artists who can be difficult to work with, the bands who have stood the test of time are the ones who’ve banded together through the bad times. Look at Oasis, their flame burned bright, but for a very short period of time due to the tumultuous relationship between Liam and Noel Gallagher. Alternatively, if you look at the Beatles, they stuck together through thick and thin and only death tore them apart. However, geniuses do exist. And sometimes it takes a bit of mental imbalance to be a real genius. It comes with its highs and lows. Syd BarrettRoger Keith, later known as Syd Barrett, was the lead singer and guitarist of Pink Floyd before Gilmour took his place in 1968. He has been championed for his stream-of-consciousness writing, where it feels like he’s literally just allowing his mind to do dances on the page. This kind of writing freedom and imagination is hard to come by and, perhaps, it will never be matched again. In the first song of Dark Side of the Moon, Speak To Me, Barrett wrote: “I’ve been mad for f*cking years, absolutely years, been over the edge for yonks, been working me buns off for bands… I’ve always been mad, I know I’ve been mad, like the most of us…very hard to explain why you’re mad, even if you’re not mad…” This is perhaps a perfect summary of his mental state at that point in his life. But, his and Pink Floyd’s best piece of work was probably that album. Dark Side of the Moon has a case to being the best music album ever written. The entire album plays through smoothly and is a spiritual experience. The incredible vocal explosion during Great Gig in the Sky is one of the major highlights. Some have likened the album to an LSD trip due to its ebbs and flows and beautiful journey. LSD and BarrettIt was in the 60s that Barrett began to delve into the world of psychedelics. Whilst mental health issues did not have the voiced platform that they do now, many professionals have theorised that Barett did have pre-existing mental health conditions; perhaps even schizophrenia. However, whilst many would like to label Barett’s experience with LSD as a tragedy, that would be a huge waste. Barrett evidently saw the world differently, in a way that the majority of the world does not. Syd Barrett said about himself: “I don’t think I’m easy to talk about. I’ve got a very irregular head. And I’m not anything that you think I am anyway.” ![]() Society is too quick to demonize people like Syd Barrett. They loved him when he was writing incredible lyrics, but hated him when he was mentally imbalanced. Both sides to Syd were intrinsically him. The truth is that his brain and turn to psychedelics actually benefited Pink Floyd in a wonderful way. “Pink Floyd began doing away with the R&B covers that were being imitated by countless other bands from the era and embracing original sounds. And the highly intelligent Barrett, already known for marching to his own peculiar beat, began heavily ingesting LSD and producing song lyrics that were seemingly pulled from unknown realms of the cosmos.” He was a genius already, but LSD’s mind-opening capabilities was allowing him to go that step further in his music. Just as the Beatles had done, Pink Floyd’s music was becoming unpredictable and incredibly original. This was Barett at his best. The DownfallHowever, Syd Barrett was most definitely unwell. Whilst he passed in 2004 due to Pancreatic Cancer, many believed he’d died long before that. Whether this was due to LSD, pre existing mental health conditions, or the stress of fame, no one will ever truly know. People will frame it the way they want to fit their narrative. In 1968, Syd officially left the band and Gilmour replaced him. The bassist of Pink Floyd, Roger Waters, said: “It felt to me at the time that Syd was kind of drifting off the rails, and when you’re drifting off the rails the worst thing you can do is start messing around with hallucinogens … It definitely exacerbated the symptoms that, loosely strung together, you and I might call schizophrenia. He heard voices. He became incommunicative. He turned into a different person; [his eyes] were black holes in the sky.” Gilmour, who was a school friend of Barret, also highlighted how this new persona was out of character for him: “Syd didn’t seem to recognize me and just stared back… I got to know that look pretty well and I’ll go on record as saying that was when he changed. It was a shock. He was a different person.” ConclusionBarrett’s genius flame shon extremely brightly, but not for very long. The band went on without him out of professionalism, but the real soul and magic was now gone. This wasn’t the first time an artist had suffered from similar conditions and it definitely won’t be the last. Does music breed this type of person? Does LSD breed this type of person? Does fame create this type of person? Or is true genius actually something that is unattainable? Perhaps the cost of thinking so incredibly differently and magically, is that there will inevitably be a downfall. That was the case with Barrett. Syd gravitated towards psychedelics because they matched him as a substance, the rest of the world didn’t come close. He will go down as another young person who suffered from mental illness in unforgiving London during his 20s. Hello readers! Thanks for joining us at CBDtesters.co, the #1 internet location for the most recent and interesting cannabis and psychedelics-related news from around the globe. Visit the site everyday to stay abreast of the quickly-moving landscape of legal drugs and industrial hemp, and sign up for The Psychedelics Weekly Newsletter, to ensure you always know what’s going on. Disclaimer: Hi, I’m a researcher and writer. I’m not a doctor, lawyer, or businessperson. All information in my articles is sourced and referenced, and all opinions stated are mine. I am not giving anyone advice, and though I am more than happy to discuss topics, should someone have a further question or concern, they should seek guidance from a relevant professional. The post Pink Floyd: the Highs and Lows of LSD appeared first on CBD Testers. Via https://cbdtesters.co/2022/01/23/pink-floyd-high-and-lows-of-lsd/
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Cannabis is a drug with a plethora of effects and purposes. For centuries, different groups of people have harnessed this drug for its euphoric and medical benefits. Rastafarians use it in their religious practises to encourage oneness, the ancient Egyptians would inhale it from burning rocks during ceremonies and, now, people can utilise it for its medical purposes.The world of cannabis is, undoubtedly, complex and varied. Not only that, but the effects can be positive for some, whilst negative for others. Nonetheless, usually one effect will take place for the majority. This effect is the ‘high thought’. High thoughts are triggered by cannabis and cannabis only. The specific kind of ideas and questions that pop into your head during a THC high are one of a kind. Some can be lighthearted and fun, or inquisitive, spiritual and sentient, or even sometimes anxious in nature. In this article, we’ll be exploring one of the latter, and one that is particularly common among novice users. This question being: can I overdose on cannabis? Let’s delve into the truth and myths behind it. For more articles like this one and exclusive deals on legal THC products, make sure to subscribe to The THC Weekly Newsletter. Also save big on HHC-O, Delta 8, Delta 9 THC, Delta-10 THC, THCO, THCV, THCP & HHC products by checking out our “Best-of” lists! What are High Thoughts?The types of thoughts that can come into someone’s head during a high are, in want of a better word, special. They can be limitless. They can be sad. They can be happy. They can be basically anything. However, the high questions that can really boggle people’s brains are what we’re going to be focusing on today. These are the types of questions that when they’re asked, leave the high person dumbfounded. It can also leave them in a state of existential crisis. But where do these come from and why are they triggered by cannabis? Science Behind High ThoughtsCannabis is first and foremost a natural growing plant. Whilst many creative products and ways of consuming it have been created over the years, it begins as a plant. This plant contains around 400 compounds, 100 of these being terpenes and 100 of these being cannabinoids. The terpenes are responsible for the aromas and flavours of the specific cannabis strain. For example, Myrcene can be slightly musky, Limonene often smells of lemon and Caryophyllene can give herbal scents. Then there are cannabinoids, which are responsible for the effects of cannabis. These include the well-known CBD and THC, as well as the lesser known THCV and CBN. As research improves, more information is being found out about the many various cannabinoids within the cannabis plant. The cannabinoids react with the endocannabinoid system in the body and can alter the immune system, mood, memory, the muscles and appetite. THC, which is the most prominent psychoactive cannabinoid, alters the state of the mind and triggers the well known ‘high’ experience. Common effects of THC include:
Deep ThoughtsDeep thoughts or high thoughts are triggered by cannabis. But why? Why do we have deeper thoughts and questions when we’re high? Well, some argue that this is due to the relaxation caused by CBD, mixed with the brain enhancing effects of THC. When you consume cannabis, your body and mind relaxes, allowing you to focus on the thoughts you may have usually ignored or found unimportant. It’s these questions that can suddenly come to the surface. Trips, caused by psychedelic drugs, create crazy thoughts and hallucinations. However, whilst a cannabis high is less potent, it can still have those same deep thoughts and questions. It’s like your brain, for the first time, is allowed to stop working so quickly and sit with one idea or concept at a time. However, there’s also suggestions that your brain works harder when you’re experiencing a high. Maxim states: “Cannabis enhances neural activity in the frontal cortex of your brain, which is essentially command central. It handles everything from attention and problem solving, to personality and temperament.” And Growth Op also adds: “Involving 32 volunteers who reported having previous experiences with cannabis, they were given either a placebo, or two intravenous doses of THC. MRI scans showed increased cerebral blood flow in several regions of the brain when THC was injected, while the placebo group demonstrated no detectable change.” Therefore, the reason for high thoughts is not completely known. Nevertheless, they most definitely occur. That’s why, in this article, we’ll be delving into one that may come up more often than people will like to admit. ‘Can I overdose on cannabis?’ Can I Overdose on Cannabis?It’s not uncommon for someone to ask this question when they’re high. Afterall, when most news articles or drug education sites speak about drugs, they’ll usually mention a collection of horrible stories of overdose. These stories are all valid and devastating, but the weaponization of them to discourage drug use can sometimes be more political and sinister than people think. The truth is, young people will probably always be interested in exploring themselves and substances, so surely the main priority should be to educate them in using them safely rather than avoiding the topic altogether. Cannabis is a schedule II drug in the US and a class B drug in the UK. It’s not surprising then that people often wonder whether cannabis could also cause an overdose. The answer is, of course, yes. But before answering this question, we will first need to define the concept of overdosing, as the education behind this word is often skewed. The Definition of OverdoseWhat does overdosing actually mean? With mass hysteria often surrounding the world of drugs, sometimes the real definition of this word can be easily forgotten. Well, according to the Cambridge dictionary, the definition is: “too much of a drug taken or given at one time, either intentionally or by accident” Many people will assume that drug overdose means fatality. Whilst this is a type of overdose, overdose can also refer to someone taking a drug and experiencing unpleasant effects. This is why it’s so important to first define what the word ‘overdose’ actually means, otherwise cannabis users may not understand why they don’t always enjoy using a specific strain of weed. Overdosing is basically taking too many drugs, beyond the point of enjoyment. Myths Vs FactsThere are many myths surrounding the idea of cannabis overdose, which we are here to debunk. Firstly, it’s definitely possible for someone to have an unpleasant experience, whilst using cannabis. Therefore, with the definition being what it is, it is of course possible to overdose. However, VeryWellMind states: “Marijuana doesn’t come with a clear definition of overdose. In fact, doctors aren’t entirely sure how much tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) it takes to overdose.” The only way to measure an overdose is to ask the consumer how they feel. If they begin to feel unpleasant effects, then, in a sense, they are experiencing an overdose. In addition, THC isn’t the only psychoactive substance and causer of a potential bad experience. There are many other psychoactive cannabinoids, which have yet to be fully researched. In fact, some of these are reported to even be stronger than THC. Risk of Unpleasant EffectsOverdosing and experiencing negative effects is definitely common when consuming cannabis. Some experience it heavier with strains consisting of higher percentages of THC. These effects include:
As we’ve said, any negative experience using cannabis can be referred to as an overdose. Overdose doesn’t always have to link to deaths. These after-effects are common, especially for people who are unsure how much to take and what their body reacts well to. In addition, with cannabis education being so limited in certain countries, many people don’t fully understand how various strains can react differently with certain people. Cannabis & AlcoholIt’s also common for people to experience worse effects when mixing cannabis and alcohol together. Ever heard the common phrase: ‘weed before grass you’re on your ass. Grass before beer you’re in the clear’. Well, there’s some truth to it. People often experience nausea and can ‘throw a whitey’ when mixing the two substances. This is because alcohol can enhance the effects of THC, making the entire experience far more potent. This type of overdose is hard to blame entirely on cannabis, as it’s actually alcohol that is responsible for increasing THC’s effects. Can Cannabis Be Fatal?Some only consider an overdose to mean death. As we’ve discovered, overdosing simply means having an unpleasant experience after consuming a substance. Nevertheless, this does of course include potential death. Methamphetamine, cocaine, and heroin use have all been surrounded by news of devastating fatalities. What about cannabis? Healthline states: “Most medical experts agree that while marijuana can have negative health consequences, it’s unlikely to cause death. The psychoactive effects of marijuana can be concerning, but not necessarily harmful.” Some argue that cannabis can have adverse long-term effects that can cause mental health issues, which could end in death. However, when it comes to an instant death overdose, cannabis is very unlikely to cause this. In fact, many people would argue that this has never happened. Nonetheless, it’s a long running debate. It is certainly true however that cannabis is not a drug – much like some stimulants and opioids – that can commonly cause death by overdose. ConclusionHigh thoughts are a common part of being high. Many questions will pop into people’s heads and leave them wanting to know more. Well, in this article, we’ve tackled the age old question of cannabis overdose. It’s mostly important to realise that overdosing doesn’t always mean fatality. In fact, overdosing can just mean an unpleasant experience. Therefore the answer is yes. You can overdose on cannabis. But, if you do your homework, learn what you like, then your experience with cannabis should be full of joy, not displeasure. Hello to everyone..! Thanks for dropping by CBDtesters.co, the #1 internet source for cannabis and psychedelics-related news, offering up current and relevant stories from the industry today. Join us daily to stay on top of the fast-paced universe of legal drugs and industrial hemp, and remember to sign up for The THC Weekly Newsletter, so you never miss a single thing. Disclaimer: Hi, I’m a researcher and writer. I’m not a doctor, lawyer, or businessperson. All information in my articles is sourced and referenced, and all opinions stated are mine. I am not giving anyone advise, and though I am more than happy to discuss topics, should someone have a further question or concern, they should seek guidance from a relevant professional. The post High Thoughts: Can I Overdose on Cannabis? appeared first on CBD Testers. Via https://cbdtesters.co/2022/01/23/can-i-overdose-on-cannabis/ Every state with legal marijuana has limits set for the amount of THC in edible products, and this makes sense. Not only do edibles take a while to kick in (allowing for time to take too much), but when THC gets metabolized, it actually becomes a stronger compound. So what about CBD? Is CBD also stronger when you eat it, like THC?If CBD is stronger when you eat it, we don’t know about it just yet. But we know that’s the case with THC, and that means if you’re eating edibles, you’re experiencing 11-hydroxy-THC. When it comes to cannabis, there are tons of options, even outside of standard THC. Now, users can try delta-8 THC, THCV, HHC, and more. It’s a new year, and a great time to try something different, so check out our deals to get your year flying right. Remember to subscribe to The THC Weekly Newsletter all the latest news and industry stories, as well as exclusive deals on flowers, vapes, edibles, and other products. Also save big on Delta 8, Delta 9 THC, Delta-10 THC, THCO, THCV, THCP & HHC products by checking out our “Best-of” lists! THC and CBDAlthough we want to know if CBD is stronger when you eat it, it’s best to look at its half-brother delta-9 THC first. When I say half-brother, its because CBD and delta-9 share the same exact chemical formula of: C₂₁H₃₀O₂, but vary in the structure of their molecules, which provides for different effects from the two compounds. During research in the early-mid 1900’s, the difference between high-THC and low-THC cannabis wasn’t understood, or the role that CBD played, as neither had been isolated. In fact, discovering delta-9 THC was extremely difficult because scientists were often given hemp plants to work with out of confusion over where THC could be found. CBD and delta-9 are what are called structural isomers because of the shared chemical formula. This means: “two or more organic compounds have the same molecular formulas but different structures.” There are different kinds of isomers that vary in different ways. Sometimes they are mirror opposites of each other, sometimes they are double bond stereoisomers like delta-9 and delta-8 which vary solely in the placement of a double bond, and sometimes there are other configurations as well. Delta-9 THC is generally associated with getting high and psychoactive properties. In reality, though CBD is often considered non-psychoactive, this goes against the idea that it can be helpful with things like anxiety control and mood regulation. Though the idea of CBD causing some kind of high can be argued, it most certainly causes psychoactive effects, as those psychoactive effects are often the reason for taking CBD. This reputation of being non-psychoactive seems to be more in line with marketing campaigns used to separate CBD from THC in the minds of consumers. Or simply the confusion over what it means to be ‘high’, vs a ‘psychoactive’ effect. ![]() THC when eatenThe whole question of whether CBD is stronger when you eat it, comes from the idea that delta-9 THC converts to a metabolite which is stronger, when its eaten. For anyone who was unaware, the type of THC that makes us high when we eat edibles, is actually a variation of the type of THC that makes us high when we smoke a joint or use a vape. This is because when delta-9 is eaten, it goes through the digestive tract and is broken down by the liver. This breakdown converts C₂₁H₃₀O₂ (also the chemical formula for CBD, remember) into C21H30O3, also known as 11-hydroxy-THC. This slight tweak to the chemistry makes a world of difference in the THC experience. As explained by Leafly researcher Nick Jikomes: “The real difference between edibles and smoking or vaping is that with edibles, a much larger fraction of Delta-9-THC makes it to the liver first. There it gets converted to 11-hydroxy-THC.” He goes on, “So in other words, if you smoke or vape, the ratio of 11-hydroxy-THC to Delta-9-THC is quite low, and if you take an edible it’s much higher.” When smoked, delta-9 gets into the bloodstream through the alveoli of the lungs. As blood is water based, the THC doesn’t break down well in this way. It binds to endocannabinoid receptors instead, and isn’t metabolized by the liver in large amounts. However, when eaten it goes through the digestive tract, and binds to a glurononide compound to create 11-hydroxy-THC. This version of THC is more water soluble, and therefore better at crossing the blood-brain barrier and getting around the body. Many believe this is at least partly why 11-hydroxy-THC can seem more potent, and explains why edibles cause a different reaction. How is 11-hydroxy-THC different? Well, for one thing, the process by which THC is metabolized, slows down the onset of effects, and it can take 1-3 hours to feel the full results. This is in contrast to a near immediate effect when smoking. The effects of smoking peak within 30-60 minutes and then peter down, whereas 11-hydroxy-THC can produce a high that lasts for 4-6+ hours before starting to fade out. While judging potency can be a little difficult, a 1973 study compared the effects of equivalent one mg doses of delta-9 and 11-hydroxy-THC, which were given intravenously to casual smokers. It was found that 11-hydroxy produced a quicker and more intense reaction. Whether 11-hydroxy is actually more potent is hard to say, as some research points to the two compounds being comparable. Whether or not it produces stronger effects, it most certainly produces longer effects, and the feeling has been noted to be much more of a body high. ![]() Is CBD stronger when you eat it?All of this now brings up the question of whether CBD is also stronger when you eat it, like delta-9 THC. So to understand better, we’d need to take a look at what happens to CBD when its ingested. Truth is, there isn’t research at this point covering all aspects of the topic, which is probably why it doesn’t come up very often. Research, in the form of a systematic review, has pointed to half-life estimates for different routes of administration: CBD in oromucosal spray produced a half-life of 1.4 – 10.9 hours, chronic oral administration made for a half-life of two–five days, IV CBD produced a half-life of 24 hours, and the average half-life for smoking it was 31 hours. Bioavailability for smoking was put around 31%, but no other administration method was investigated. It should be noted that though it doesn’t say anything about potency, oral administration also has a much longer half-life than smoking, which is similar to the elongated half-life of THC when eaten. The main metabolite of THC when metabolized through the digestive tract, is 11-hydroxy-THC, although this exists along with tons of other metabolites that show up in smaller amounts. In terms of CBD, “Due to extensive Phase I metabolism, the pharmacokinetics of CBD is complex and the bioavailability of oral CBD is low across species. In general, the most abundant metabolites are hydroxylated 7-COOH derivatives of CBD that are excreted either intact or as glucuronide conjugates. The route of administration affects the pharmacokinetics of CBD and high intra- and intersubject variability is common in humans…” The same study goes on to point out: “In an early study with healthy volunteers who were given 20 mg [3H]CBD by intravenous injection, 7-COOH-CBD was the most abundant metabolite in the plasma, while 7-OH-CBD was only a minor biotransformation product (in the original publication, the compounds are referred to as 11-carboxy-CBD and 11-hydroxy-CBD, respectively).” This is interesting because 11-hydroxy-CBD is the equivalent metabolite of 11-hydroxy-THC, the stronger (or at least longer lasting) form of THC. Is this CBD metabolite also more intense, or does it provide a different effect? Is it even the reason for the longer half-life when eaten? Honestly, hard to say from what’s online. This demonstrates the still large black hole that exists in the cannabis research world. If a comparable metabolite of delta-9 provides stronger (or at least different/longer) effects than delta-9, then wouldn’t we want to know the same about CBD metabolites? Perhaps 11-hydroxy-CBD – whether coming with different effects or not, doesn’t show up in large enough quantities to make a difference anyway. What we can see from half-lives, is that something similar must be happening with CBD as with THC, because the half-life is elongated when eaten. What this means exactly though? Jury is out. Into the future…![]() I find it interesting that while we know delta-9 converts in the body to 11-hydroxy-THC, that less has been examined regarding CBD’s counterpart 11-hydroxy-CBD, or the other CBD metabolites formed. In my mind, the immediate question is, is there a different or more intense form of CBD which is created when CBD is metabolized? If so, it could provide new ways of using CBD for treatment. While the medical world likes to seem sure of itself to consumers, when looking closely into a topic like this, it becomes clear how many black holes there are. This makes sense as research into these compounds was stymied for so long due to prohibition antics, and also makes clear the need to not create these black holes again, by keeping research veins open on topics of concern. Had research bans not been instated, we might have had the answer to this question already. CBD might not be the cure-all it was originally touted as, but it sure does come with some great benefits. With research re-opening on these topics, we can finally start to catch up to where we should have already been. And part of that is establishing exactly what happens to CBD when ingested in different ways, and whether active metabolites are formed that can change the way we use the compound. ConclusionThis topic does best to highlight the need for further research into the idea of whether CBD is stronger when you eat it, or when its taken in any specific way. It also highlights the need to not shut off research topics, and to always keep moving forward in terms of information collection and use. Welcome! Thanks for joining us at CBDtesters.co, your one-stop-shop for the most important and thought-provoking cannabis and psychedelics-related news around the world. Check us out daily to stay aware of the ever-changing world of legal drugs and industrial hemp, and sign up for The THC Weekly Newsletter, to ensure you never miss a single story. Disclaimer: Hi, I’m a researcher and writer. I’m not a doctor, lawyer, or businessperson. All information in my articles is sourced and referenced, and all opinions stated are mine. I am not giving anyone advice, and though I am more than happy to discuss topics, should someone have a further question or concern, they should seek guidance from a relevant professional. The post Is CBD Stronger When You Eat It, Like THC? appeared first on CBD Testers. Via https://cbdtesters.co/2022/01/22/is-cbd-stronger-when-you-eat-it-like-thc/ The concept of getting a medical cannabis card seems like a fairly straight-forward process for the most part; you contact a physician or licensed medical cannabis doctor in your area, schedule an appointment, and once approved, you receive some type of documentation that allows you to buy medical cannabis. As simple as that should be, a growing number of unscrupulous doctors (or some cases, fake doctors altogether) are taking advantage of consumers and charging hundreds of dollars for counterfeit, invalid, or otherwise unusable medical cannabis recommendations.As much as we all love cannabis and wholeheartedly support the legal industry, no one can deny that there can be some shady dealings going on in the shadows. But such is the case in any multi-billion-dollar industry, unfortunately. As a consumer in today’s world, it is very important to do your due diligence before trusting a company and buying a product, and that applies when getting a medical cannabis card as well. For more articles like this one and exclusive deals on legal THC products, make sure to subscribe to The THC Weekly Newsletter. Also save big on HHC-O, Delta 8, Delta 9 THC, Delta-10 THC, THCO, THCV, THCP & HHC products by checking out our “Best-of” lists! Getting a medical cannabis cardA medical cannabis card (or medical cannabis recommendation, as they’re often referred to), are state-issued identification documents that confirm the person carrying them has a medical condition that enables them to legally purchase, possess, and use cannabis. As regulations change and medical markets explode, the idea of paying for a medical card may seem obsolete, but there are some benefits carrying one still. Take California, for instance, where cannabis is in fact completely legal, but as a recreational customer, you’re stuck paying up to 45% in recreational, cultivation, excise, and local taxes. Plus, your purchases are limited to one ounce of flower and eight grams of concentrate. Patients with a doctor’s recommendation can possess up to 8 ounces, or 226.8 grams, of dried cannabis or concentrates, and they’re exempt from paying all the extra taxes. The qualifying conditions vary from state to state, and can also be at the discretion of the recommending physician. Ordinarily, the card will be valid for up to 12 months, at which point you will need to schedule a follow-up appointment for another evaluation. It used to be that you had to do a lot of searching and often, quite a bit of driving, to find a “marijuana doctor” who was willing to write these recommendations, but now, everything can be done remotely. The process for getting a medical cannabis card can vary a bit from state to state, but overall, it’s pretty similar across the board. You can apply your through state’s medical cannabis registry and try find a physician who is willing to write you a recommendation, which can be tricky since most doctors are prohibited from prescribing or even suggesting cannabis. Or, you could pay a third-party company to do it for you. The latter can be equally complicated, because, although some companies are legit, professional, and affordable, others will issue a fake or invalid medical card at exorbitant prices. Counterfeits running rampantMissouri’s medical marijuana program announced late Friday that it launched an investigation after it determined that patient medical marijuana cards have been issued to applicants whose doctor paperwork was sent in with an unauthorized signature. “It was a person/people impersonating a doctor,” Department of Health and Senior Services spokesperson Lisa Cox told the News-Leader in a text message. She said some 600 patients were affected, and that the department could not comment on who was being impersonated. Alex Griffith, a 30-year-old retired military veteran who lives in Delhi Township, recently paid $220 for a doctor’s recommendation he hoped would allow him to use marijuana to treat his PTSD. “Marijuana helps me control my condition way better than Prozac and all those other pills doctors want to give you,” said Griffith, who suffers from bouts of depression and suicidal thoughts. ![]() A recommendation letter from a doctor working for the Ohio Cannabis Connection, verifying the client is eligible to be treated with medical marijuana. The letter is needed to apply for a medical marijuana patient ID, but the letter alone can’t be used to purchase marijuana for a retail dispensary. The former Marine infantryman who served in Afghanistan from 2011 to 2012 said he wants to be “first in line” when the 56 retail dispensaries licensed to sell medical marijuana in Ohio begin opening their doors in the coming months. But the one-page recommendation letter he got from Dr. Trent Austin, an emergency medicine doctor in Batesville, Ind., who’s also licensed in Ohio, won’t do him much good. In Ohio, the recommendation does not stand alone, and patients need to submit their information and register with the Ohio Board of Pharmacy. “At some level, they’re fooling people into believing they have something that they don’t,” said Dr. William Sawyer, a Sharonville family physician and one of about 300 doctors certified by the state to recommend medical marijuana, referring to the confusion between a recommendation letters and actual ID cards in some states. “It’s unfortunate that that’s happening because it creates problems for us who are doing it correctly.” How to avoid getting ripped offBelow are some ways to know if your medical marijuana doctor is legit; Use a Registry While this may not apply in all the states, some cannabis-legal states have an organized medical marijuana card issuance. For instance, Florida has a real-time database that updates and keeps track of all certified marijuana doctors authorized by the state to approve applications for any patient looking for an MMJ card online. Referrals If you have no clue where to get a marijuana doctor or medical marijuana card near me, you can start by asking for referrals from your close contacts. As mentioned, the buzzing medical marijuana use attracted many industry players, including self-proclaimed doctors. With many doctors out there, it becomes hard to differentiate legitimate from fake doctors. Fortunately, you can get recommendations from your friends, relatives, or family members. You can also ask for referrals and read what other people think about your preferred doctor from the Marijuanadoctors.com review. Price The cost of the marijuana doctor is another essential guiding factor. Essentially, any physician who charges less than $50 may not be offering legitimate services. Your best bet is to compare rates from different clinics. The charges of all clinics should be within a given range. If one clinic’s charges are extremely low, chances are you can get a fake card. On the other hand, if the costs are way up, you might be exploited to get a card that should cost less. ![]() Final thoughtsHello to everyone..! Thanks for dropping by CBDtesters.co, the #1 internet source for cannabis and psychedelics-related news, offering up current and relevant stories from the industry today. Join us daily to stay on top of the fast-paced universe of legal drugs and industrial hemp, and remember to sign up for The THC Weekly Newsletter, so you never miss a single thing. Disclaimer: Hi, I’m a researcher and writer. I’m not a doctor, lawyer, or businessperson. All information in my articles is sourced and referenced, and all opinions stated are mine. I am not giving anyone advice, and though I am more than happy to discuss topics, should someone have a further question or concern, they should seek guidance from a relevant professional. The post Don’t Get Ripped Off with a Fake Medical Cannabis Card appeared first on CBD Testers. Via https://cbdtesters.co/2022/01/21/dont-get-ripped-off-with-a-fake-medical-cannabis-card/ You read it right! No, it’s not a real legalization, or even decriminalization. But for two years, Rhode Island is operating a pilot program with safe use sites that allows legal drug use. What will come after is hard to say, but for now, here are some details of this kind of cool – and necessary – new legislative move.The new Rhode Island policy for safe use sites is meant to target extreme drug users. Luckily, cannabis doesn’t cause overdose deaths, so while smokers can take advantage of the sites, they don’t have the same concerns as opioid users. In fact, cannabis is often eyed as a tool for harm reduction from major drugs. But its also just a great plant that provides tons of useful compounds, not just standard THC. These days, there are tons of options available, so remember to subscribe to The THC Weekly Newsletter all the latest news and industry stories, as well as exclusive deals on flowers, vapes, edibles, and other products. Also save big on Delta 8, Delta 9 THC, Delta-10 THC, THCO, THCV, THCP & HHC products by checking out our “Best-of” lists! Rhode Island to open safe use sites for legal drug useRhode Island isn’t a legalized state, though its certainly known to be a more liberal one. While 18 states have legal recreational cannabis (which should be 19), Rhode Island isn’t immediately going in that direction. But it is doing something very forward thinking and cool. Especially considering that there are major drug issues in America, which are causing massive death rates. Though these issues don’t involve cannabis, what Rhode Island is doing will help out cannabis users as well. On Wednesday, July 7th, 2021, Rhode Island’s governor, Dan McKee signed into law a bill designed to combat the ongoing and growing opioid epidemic. This issue can be seen in Rhode Island, as well as the rest of the US, and around the world as well in smaller amounts. The new Rhode Island bill is a two-year pilot program aimed at preventing overdosing by providing safe injection/safe use sites. Rhode Island recorded 384 overdose deaths in 2020, and 322 through November of 2021. These sites will focus mainly on helping those who inject heroin and methamphetamine. Rhode Island is the first US state to adopt a policy that allows legal drug use in designated areas as part of this two-year pilot program. This policy was not instituted with the thought of cannabis in mind, even if it proves useful to cannabis smokers. What the pilot program is most intended for, is providing a way for the hardest of drug users, using the most dangerous of drugs, to have a safe place to get high around professionals who can help if there is a problem. ![]() What will the Rhode Island safe use sites entail?These safe use sites, also known as “harm reduction centers,” and “safe injection sites”, will provide clean needles, drug testing, and other services like recovery assistance. Each site is to be staffed by medical/qualified personnel, who are trained in CPR, overdose protocols, and the administration of drugs like naloxone, an opioid antagonist. Each site will have all the necessary supplies to carry out these functions. Sites will operate under the control of a medical director to oversee clinical practices, and a harm reduction center director who oversees the administrative management of the location. Apart from all this, the sites will function partly as social services, providing referrals for housing, employment, and legal assistance, if necessary, while also offering basic health services. Each center is required to report deaths and overdoses to the medical director as well as to the state Department of Health, with a mandate to report all overdoses and other causes of death within 24 hours. Non-fatal overdoses must be reported within 48 hours of the time they occurred. All sites in Rhode Island must get licensing from the state, and an approval from the city or town in which the site will operate. Mobile units will exist as well, and must provide very specific schedules for where they will be including complete addresses and operation times. Licenses can be denied to operators, suspended if there are issues, or completely revoked if regulators see fit. One of the interesting things to be offered at these sites, is drug testing. But not the kind of drug testing most are used to. This isn’t drug testing to see if someone used something, but a way to actually test the drugs about to be taken, particularly for the presence of fentanyl. Fentanyl is an extremely strong opioid drug which people take on purpose, but which is also often a reason for accidental overdose due to it being used as an adulterant in other drugs. Is this new?This is new for the US, yes, since no other programs like this currently exist. Detractors like Arthur Corvese, a Democratic Rhode Island State Representative, called the idea a ‘moral oxymoron’ since legal use is now going to be permitted in an otherwise illegal state. The idea of encouraging such legal use of illegal drugs has been criticized by opponents, who believe this will somehow increase crime in surrounding areas…although I haven’t seen an explanation of how this is thought to be the case. In reality, outside of America, this isn’t new at all. And not only that, while detractors shoot their mouths off to a US audience which is probably unaware of comparable programs in other countries, those comparable programs have already been cited for their positive influence on drug using culture. Something that Americans should really be informed on, and considering in this. ![]() Canada, Australia, and different parts of Europe, for example, have cumulatively opened around 100 comparable safe-use sites. The Netherlands has the largest number, with just under 40 locations. Its first was opened in 1996, and the country was able to reduce overdose deaths by ensuring users were getting pure heroin, rather than a heroin/fentanyl mix. Canada’s first site opened in 2003, in the Downtown Eastside of Vancouver where there are many IV drug users. Canada, between 2017-2019 alone had around two million visits to safe use sites. The country had 39 sites open as of last year, with an expected daily visitor amount of 3,000 people. The busiest sites in Canada can have up to 500 visits a day, according to Health-Infobase. Will this happen elsewhere in America?Opioid overdoses are a massive issue in the US, and this is not debatable, even if specific numbers are. For example, in 2019 hhs.gov, said there were close to 71,000 overdose deaths, whereas drugabuse.gov, put the number at 50,000. Either way, it’s a ridiculous number of avoidable deaths. hhs.gov provided more statistics, saying there were 14,480 heroin overdoses that year, over 10 million people misusing pain killers, and 48,000 synthetic opioid deaths. According to the National Center for Health Statistics, total opioid overdose deaths went up to 93,000 in 2020. It gets grosser. In 2017, over 191 million opioid prescriptions were written out in the US, meaning that 58.7 prescriptions were written for every 100 people. 45% of these were given by primary care physicians who are not supposed to write such prescriptions at all. The economic burden of this epidemic in terms of health care, emergency care services, addiction programs, lost productivity, and dealing with the criminal justice system, costs about $78.5 billion every year. Who do you think pays for that? That’s right, the same taxpayers who were put on these pharmaceutically pushed medications that the government allows through regulation, now have to pay for the damage they’re doing. So, yes, these sites will likely be popping up all over the place in the future. In fact, this was not the first try. Back in 2020, Philadelphia went ahead with plans to open Safehouse, a safe injection site. This was ruled against in January, 2021, by the Philadelphia-based U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, stymieing the effort. However, seven months later, the nonprofit behind the venture was already pushing back legally, announcing in the summer of 2021 that it would be filing a petition to take the case to the Supreme Court. Unfortunately, the US Supreme Court refused the case (likely something it will be sticking its foot in its mouth for later), in October, 2021. ![]() This hasn’t deterred proponents, who are planning on relaunching the case at the district court level, with new arguments. Given Rhode Island passing this legislation, and increasing opioid deaths, I expect this time it will go through. While that’s just my opinion for now, that California and Massachusetts are also currently considering plans to implement a similar structure, indicates that this is actually a new trend being established in the fight against opioid addiction. ConclusionThe whole thing is horrifying if you take a step back. The government fully approved and allowed these medications to be sold, and then didn’t respond to its people dying. In fact, it still hasn’t stopped the ability to write prescriptions for these medications. In fact, prescriptions haven’t gone down at all. So not only did the government support – and is continuing to support – its people being killed by big pharma, but it’s working to stymie any progress in the fight against it, least of all anything related to helping citizens be safer with their pharmaceutically-induced drug issues. So here’s to Rhode Island, for being the first state to start the process of recovery through safe use sites, and for giving access to safe ways to use drugs for those who need it. No thanks to the federal government at all. Hello and welcome to CBDtesters.co, the internet’s one-stop-shop for all the most relevant and ground-breaking cannabis and psychedelics-related news going on worldwide. Stop by regularly to stay informed on the quickly-moving world of legal drugs and industrial hemp, and sign up for The THC Weekly Newsletter, so you’re the first to get all the news. Disclaimer: Hi, I’m a researcher and writer. I’m not a doctor, lawyer, or businessperson. All information in my articles is sourced and referenced, and all opinions stated are mine. I am not giving anyone advice, and though I am more than happy to discuss topics, should someone have a further question or concern, they should seek guidance from a relevant professional. The post Rhode Island 1st State to Open Safe Use Sites for Drugs appeared first on CBD Testers. Via https://cbdtesters.co/2022/01/21/rhode-island-1st-state-to-open-safe-use-sites-for-drugs/ Over the last decade we’ve seen a wave of cannabis reform efforts that have seemingly reached every corner of the earth. In the US alone, nearly three-quarters of the nation has adopted some type of medical cannabis program, while over a dozen states have legalized it completely for adult recreational use. Now, we’re seeing the psychedelics industry following in the same exact footsteps – first with sweeping decriminalization and the implementation of psychedelic-assisted therapy, and eventually, one can only assume, full-scale adult-use legalization.As of now, psychoactive plants, roots, and fungi remain federally prohibited, categorized under Schedule 1 on the DEA’s list of controlled substances. However, individual cities and states are taking steps to loosen up restrictions on these plants. 2022 is expected to be an amazing year for drug reform, and many states have legislation in the works regarding entheogenic substances. Is your state on this list? Will psychedelics legalization happen where you live? The legalization of psychedelics is a hot topic of discussion right now, and we’re here to keep you updated every step of the way. For more articles like this one, remember to subscribe to the Psychedelics Weekly Newsletter, your top source for everything related to this growing and important industry. Decriminalization vs Legalization of PsychedelicsThe terms “decriminalization” and “legalization” are often used interchangeably, but they are very different. Full legalization of psychedelics removes most legal prohibitions against such compound (age restrictions, DUI laws, and some other restrictions would still apply). If psychedelics are completely legalized, individuals found selling or possessing it for personal use will not be subject to criminal OR civil penalties. Decriminalization means that the substance in question is still federally illegal, but criminal penalties are not enforced. Instead, users would face civil penalties such as fines and forced rehabilitation, although any type of legal action would be the lowest of priorities. Records may be kept in a local tribunal, but they will not affect employment, housing, or travel opportunities. If an individual is court-ordered into a rehab program, and they chose not to attend, it’s possible that criminal penalties would be imposed at that point. The problem with decriminalization is that it can allow for too much “interpretation” of the law. For example, in a decriminalized state, a police officer can take your cannabis, fine you, and send you to court where your case will end up getting thrown out if it meets the criteria of a legal decriminalized amount. So, you’re out the money you spent on flower that remains confiscated, the city doesn’t get any additional money from you because the case is tossed out in court, and the entire ordeal is majorly inconvenient and a huge waste of time for everyone involved. ![]() The plus side to decriminalization is that if signifies the changing and more progressive views of the general public. A quick google search of psychedelics will lead to a seemingly endless list of news stories about different regions that are decriminalizing psychedelics, specifically psilocybin, for various reasons – be it personal use or therapeutic. CaliforniaCalifornia has made a lot of progress this year on the psychedelic front, and it’s highly likely that these substances will be legalized by the end of the year. This could happen one of two ways: either through a legislative approached sponsored by democratic senator Scott Wiener, or via a ballot campaign that would allow citizens to vote on the subject during the 2022 elections. Senate Bill 519, which aims to legalize various psychedelics including psilocybin mushrooms, DMT, ibogaine, LSD, and MDMA for adult use (21 and over), passed through a second senate vote last spring. It was expected to be finalized by the end of 2021, but ultimately, the bill was turned into a two-year proposal to be revived in 2022. Experts believe there is a “50/50 chance” that SB 519 will advance this session. Luckily, that is not the only current path to legalization in the golden state, as California activists are currently collecting signatures to add a psychedelics reform initiative to the November ballot. This route would only legalize psilocybin mushrooms, however. Psychedelic mushrooms are already decriminalized in Oakland and Santa Cruz. ColoradoColorado is already on the forefront of psychedelic legalization, with Denver having decriminalized psilocybin mushrooms two years ago. The Capital City became the first in the nation to take such a progressive step, so it makes sense for the rest of the state to follow suit. The city of Colorado Springs, the second largest city in the state, also has its own bill in the works. On a grander scale, Colorado’s 2022 ballot will contain a few different initiatives regarding psychedelics reform. The first one would legalize possession, cultivation, and personal use of psychedelics for anyone over the age of 21 years. Additionally, a framework for regulating “healing centers” would be established, where patients could safely utilize psilocybin, DMT, ibogaine, and mescaline for therapeutic treatments. ![]() The other two initiatives, both titled The Natural Medicine Healing Act, were spearheaded by national advocacy groups. One is similar to the above proposal, and would legalize cultivation and possession of numerous different psychoactive substances, as well setting up a licensing process for psychedelic therapy clinics. The second bill is almost identical but would only apply to psilocybin and psilocin. MichiganIn Michigan, a handful of cities have already passed psychedelic reform laws, the largest being Grand Rapids and Detroit. At the state level, a bill sponsored by democratic senator Jeff Irwin would legalize cultivation, possession, and even delivery of many different plant-derived entheogenic substances. Delivery, not in the normal sense of the word, which is typically paid for. Irwin specified that people would be exempt from criminal penalties so long as “they are not receiving money or other valuable consideration for the entheogenic plant or fungus.” Commercial production, sales, and distribution would remain illegal. The most interesting part though, is a clause that states people will still be permitted to “charge a reasonable fee for counseling, spiritual guidance, or a related service that is provided in conjunction with the use of an entheogenic plant or fungus under the guidance and supervision of an individual providing the service.” MissouriA republican lawmaker from Missouri, Rep. Michael Davis, submitted a proposal that would legalize psychedelic use for people with certain serious medical conditions. Some of the substances in question include MDMA, DMT, ibogaine, LSD, mescaline, peyote and psilocybin. Additionally, the proposal states that, “production and distribution of any Schedule I psychedelic drug that qualifies as an investigational drug…by a manufacturer and any dispensation of such drug by a physician or pharmacy for use in accordance with this section shall be considered lawful.” This bill would be building on the state’s existing ‘right-to-try’ law, which was “passed by a conservative majority in Congress and signed by President Trump in 2018.” Right-to-try laws were created with the intent of allowing terminally ill patients to utilize experimental treatment options (drugs, devices, biologics, etc.) that have completed Phase I clinical testing but have not yet been approved by the FDA. Missouri was the third state to enact such laws, and currently, 41 state offer the “right-to-try”. “There is emerging interest and significant clinical research supporting the safety and efficacy of psychedelic drugs for PTSD, traumatic injury therapy and numerous other conditions,” Davis said in a press release. “Because the [Food and Drug Administration] has not taken action to reschedule these drugs and make them generally available, I am working to make these drugs available through Missouri’s investigational drug access statute.” ![]() VirginaLast week, Virginia lawmakers introduced two bills that would decriminalize the possession and use of a handful of natural psychedelics, one in the House of Delegates and one in the Senate. The house bill would reduce the possession of “peyote, ibogaine, psilocybin, or psilocin by adults 21 and older” from a Class 5 felony to a civil penalty that carries a $100 fine. As per the proposal, “Any dollars collected from psychedelics possession violations would go to the state’s Drug Offender Assessment and Treatment Fund, which supports substance misuse treatment programs and drug courts.” The senate bill is pretty much identical but only applies to psilocybin and psilocin found in psychedelic mushrooms and truffles. Virginia is also working on implementing a commercial cannabis market, so this should be an exciting year for the Old Dominion State. Washington StateBeing one of the first states to legalize recreational cannabis back in 2012, alongside Colorado, and with their neighbors to the south having already decriminalized all drugs, it makes sense that Washington is considering more lenient regulations on psychedelics as well. As a matter of fact, the ballot prepared by industry activists would decriminalize drugs on a wider scale, making the possession of any “unlawful” drug only a civil infraction. People caught with such contraband would either pay a fine or be referred to a drug treatment program. Currently, drug possession in Washington is a misdemeanor, reduced from a felony in 2021. Christina Blocker of Commit to Change WA, says her organization is “energized by the support that we have received across the state of Washington,” and that “2022 is the year where we will have the opportunity to end the War on Drugs and its impacts on our families, our neighbors, and our communities.” Final Thoughts on Psychedelics Legalization in 2022Exactly how many of these bills and ballot proposals will actually pass remains to be seen, but it’s exciting to see that the country is taking psychedelics seriously and at the state level, we are beginning to witness the loosening of all these overbearing restrictions that are currently in place. Maybe full legalization of psychedelics is not as far-fetched as we once thought. Welcome readers! Thanks for joining us at CBDtesters.co, your one-stop-shop for the most important and relevant cannabis and psychedelics-related news happening now. Read-thru the site regularly to stay informed on the constantly-in-motion universe of cannabis, and medical psychedelics, and sign up for the The Psychedelics Weekly Newsletter, so you’re always on top of what’s going on. Disclaimer: Hi, I’m a researcher and writer. I’m not a doctor, lawyer, or businessperson. All information in my articles is sourced and referenced, and all opinions stated are mine. I am not giving anyone advice, and though I am more than happy to discuss topics, should someone have a further question or concern, they should seek guidance from a relevant professional. The post States That Might Legalize Psychedelics in 2022 – Is Yours on the List? appeared first on CBD Testers. Via https://cbdtesters.co/2022/01/20/states-that-might-legalize-psychedelics-in-2022-is-yours-on-the-list/ Delta-8 THC edibles continue to take the market by storm, available in soft and chewy gummies, easy-to-swallow gel capsules, and even baked goods! But today we’ll be exploring an entirely new type of edible: the Delta-8 Strips from Vybba! As this is an entirely new type of product in the Delta-8 THC realm, there are bound to be some questions: how do the strips work? How long does it take to kick in? What do they taste like? The answers to all your questions lay in this in-depth review, along with much more information about these intriguing strips. Let’s jump right in by reviewing the company itself, and then dive into the review of the actual product. Let’s get started! Here at CBD Testers, we love products! We love to try them and share what we learned with our readers. These Delta-8 THC strips are truly a unique product, and we’re excited to be among the first to try them. For more product reviews and articles, and for exclusive deals on all the trending cannabinoid products, remember to subscribe to The THC Weekly Newsletter. Also save big on Delta 8, Delta 9 THC, Delta-10 THC, THCO, THCV, THCP & HHC products by checking out our “Best-of” lists! The VYBBA BrandVybba is a brand new company that launched in mid-2021, but was crafted by engineers and scientists with decades of knowledge about cannabinoids. This knowledge is shared through tabs on the company website, with titles like “What Is Delta-8?”, “How Delta 8 Works,” and “Legality” to keep users informed. Bright graphics and vibrant colors explain everything first-time users should expect to feel, product size and color, and even a suggested timeline on when you feel the effects start to kick in. The website uses vibrant colors and beautiful graphics to deliver both a professional and informative feel for new and returning customers. ![]() I especially appreciated the section on the Vybba website that elaborated on the potential effects, something that many companies don’t go into detail about. Enhanced focus, renewed energy, relaxation and euphoria, and other effects are mentioned, along with the possibility of reduced stress, nausea, confusion, and many other undesirable emotions. Vybba also outlines how their Delta-8 THC product can aid with daily chores, promote creativity, and even enhanced sexual experiences. The Vybba strips are unlike any other product on the Delta-8 THC market, but share strong resemblance with a certain dissolvable oral strip in the dental sector. The strips are sold for a mere $45 in small pouches that contain 20 strips each. For consumers who prefer to buy in bulk, there’s also a 3-pack for $120 and a 6-pack option for $210. The Vybba website focuses solely on these oral strips and offers detailed information about their hemp cultivation, extraction process, and lab testing results. Feel free to check out all that Vybba’s website has to offer, but right now, it’s time to check out the product itself, these unique Vybba Delta-8 THC Infused Strips! Delta-8 THC Infused Strips Product ReviewVybba’s Delta-8 THC Infused Strips offer a unique Delta-8 THC experience that eliminates several traditional problems with other edibles. Instead of having pieces of gummy stuck in your teeth, an overwhelming flavor of hemp during and after chewing, or a slimy coating left on your tongue and teeth, these strips come with simple instructions: simply place the strip under your tongue and allow it to dissolve for about 20 seconds before swallowing. This was the part that was most surprising to me, as I expected to place the strip on my tongue and let it dissolve completely. But since sublingual products are designed to enter the bloodstream quicker, it makes sense that these oral strips should be placed under the tongue for faster absorption. ![]() The strips came sealed in a pouch that required scissors to open, despite being a resealable pouch. However, there were twenty tiny packets inside the pouch that did have tear-off tabs. I detected a sweet mint and light hemp scent as soon as I opened the pouch, very similar to mint-flavored toothpaste or mouthwash. I carefully fished out the tissue-paper-thin strip and admired the rich forest green color. I easily slipped the strip beneath my tongue and marveled at the refreshing mint flavor. I was delighted that despite having a faint scent of hemp, there was virtually no hemp flavor while the strip dissolved under my tongue or after swallowing. The strip stayed in place beneath my tongue and I noticed a building menthol flavor that intensified the longer I held it under my tongue, along with a delicious sweetness. Once the strip had fully dissolved in twenty seconds, I detected a light graininess (similar to toothpaste) that remained on my tongue for a few seconds. There was a slight burning sensation in the back of my throat after I swallowed, but aside from that, there were no other unpleasantries. I was delighted with the simplicity of use and settled in to wait for the effects to kick in. According to Vybba’s detailed timeline, it takes about 15 minutes for the strips to begin working. I kept a close eye on the clock and was impressed to feel a light euphoria descend right at the quarter-hour mark. After a few more minutes, I felt an enhanced sense of touch along with peaceful relaxation. I felt my eyelids start to droop, but not an overwhelming sense of sleepiness or weighted drowsiness. Instead, I felt energized and creative, akin to the “something different” statement listed on the website. I tried the strips again the next night, only to experience the same effects. Despite waiting nearly two hours on both occasions, I did not feel the traditional drowsiness, dizziness, weighted eyes, and dry mouth side effects that often accompany traditional Delta-8 THC highs. The website does recommend doubling or tripling the strips if you want to experience a stronger high, especially if you have a higher tolerance to THC. But if you’re looking to gently ease into the world of Delta-8 THC, these oral strips from Vybba are an excellent way to start. I felt emboldened to accomplish simple tasks like light housework and creative writing, making these oral strips a great way to get rid of procrastination and mental blocks. ![]() ConclusionAs one of the first reviewers for Vybba’s Infused Strips, I was truly impressed with the innovation behind such a product. The product was simple and discrete to consume, had an authentic mint flavor with no hemp aftertaste, came in beautiful product packaging, and so much more. The strips were available on a professionally designed website that came chock full of information for both the beginner and advanced user, along with recommendations for use and an expected timeline for the strips to kick in. For users who want a more intense high, I strongly encourage you to “stack” the strips for a stronger euphoria and overall elevated experience. Keep in mind that since Delta-8 THC highs vary on the consumer’s age, gender, weight, and other factors, you should start slowly to see how the strips react naturally with your body. If you do end up trying these delightful oral strips from Vybba, feel free to share your experiences with us in the comments below and be sure to check back with us soon for our next in-depth product review! Hello and Welcome! Thanks for making it to CBDtesters.co, the internet’s preeminent location for the most important and though-provoking cannabis and psychedelics-related news globally. Visit us whenever you can to stay on top of the always-in-flux universe of legal drugs and industrial hemp. For the best deals on delta 8 and other THC products, remember to subscribe to the The THC Weekly Newsletter.The post Product Review: VYBBA Delta-8 THC Oral Strips appeared first on CBD Testers. Via https://cbdtesters.co/2022/01/19/product-review-vybba-delta-8-thc-oral-strips/ The new year is upon us, and that means a restart to the business year, and all new things to look forward to. What will happen this year? Sure hard to say at the moment, but every new year comes with new stories of legalizations, court cases, innovative products, events, and medical findings. What about our newly discovered cannabinoids market? Here are some 2022 predictions for delta-8 THC and the rest of the lot.My 2022 prediction for delta-8 THC is that the market will survive the year just fine. If you’re looking to try out delta-8 THC and the rest of the cannabinoids, you can do so, even outside of legal markets. In fact, since these products exist outside of regulation, you can buy them online as well. We’ve got great offers for the new year, so check out our deals to find your perfect product. Remember to subscribe to The THC Weekly Newsletter all the latest news and industry stories, as well as exclusive deals on flowers, vapes, edibles, and other products. Also save big on Delta 8, Delta 9 THC, Delta-10 THC, THCO, THCV, THCP & HHC products by checking out our “Best-of” lists! What is delta-8 THC and the cannabinoids market?If we’re getting into 2022 predictions for delta-8 THC, best to know what we’re talking about first. Delta-8 THC is a naturally occurring isomer of delta-9 THC, which means they have the same chemical formula, but a different chemical structure. They are double bond stereoisomers since they vary only in the placement of a double bond. While the exact way that delta-8 THC shows up naturally is still only theorized, its expected that delta-8 is a less-occurring degradant of delta-9, making up a tiny percentage, which doesn’t become CBN (the main degradant). Delta-8 is more stable than delta-9, having already oxidized, which gives it a longer shelf-life. Delta-8 occurs only in tiny amounts, and though it does show up on its own, it doesn’t in big enough quantities for product production. Thus, to be used in products, delta-8 must be made from delta-9 THC or from CBD, both of which require some amount of synthetic processing. Perhaps none of this would matter, but delta-8, with its double bond on the eighth carbon atom, seems to have slightly different benefits from delta-9, which can make it preferable to some users. For example, it’s said that delta-8 causes less anxiety than delta-9, which is great for users who have an issue with this. It’s also said that it causes a more clear-headed high, which is slightly less intense than a delta-9 high, and without the couch-locking of standard weed. Medical patients especially, who want treatment without a cloudy head, may find delta-8 a better option. ![]() You’ll notice, when I mentioned 2022 predictions for delta-8 THC, that I included the rest of the cannabinoid offerings. Along with delta-8 THC, a range of other synthetically produced cannabinoids have been making it to the unregulated cannabis market. This includes THCV, CBN, THC-O-A, HHC, and a bunch of others with varying letters to denote their similar-to-THC chemical makeup. Why are we talking about delta-8 and other cannabinoids?Also before getting into 2022 predictions for delta-8 THC, its best to know why we’re talking about it, since the whole reason we’re talking about it, can be a reason why the current situation might change. Delta-8 THC is produced under the misconception of legality due to the 2018 US Farm Bill, a misconception that seems to be spurred along by the industry itself, likely in an attempt to continue to sell products without regulation. The 2018 US Farm Bill legalized the production of industrial hemp only, by simply changing the definition of ‘hemp’ in order to separate it from the rest of cannabis. ‘Hemp’ now refers to lower-THC cannabis, while ‘marijuana’ refers to higher-THC cannabis. Both the US and Europe make the cutoff at .3% THC by dry weight as the divider. This new definition for hemp, which has led to this mass confusion in the press (but which is soundly understood by any legal professional), is: “The plant Cannabis sativa L. and any part of the plant, whether growing or not, including the plant’s seeds, and all the plant’s derivatives, extracts, cannabinoids, isomers, acids, salts, and salts of isomers, whether growing or not, with a delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol concentration of not more than 0.3 percent on a dry weight basis.” The 2018 Farm Bill moved regulation of hemp from the FDA to the USDA, but retained FDA oversight for medicines, nutritional supplements, foods, and beverages, meaning anytime a compound is sold for any of these purposes, it requires a pass through the FDA. As such, even CBD in supplements and food products, is not legal, let alone delta-8 and the rest of the cannabinoid crew. This is partly because synthetics weren’t legalized by the Farm Bill either, meaning once a synthetic process is used to create a compound, it no longer fits under the definition of hemp. Synthetics of Schedule I substances (like delta-9) are also considered Schedule I, which means all these compounds are illegal under the Federal Analogue Act. ![]() 2022 predictions delta-8 THCNow that the legal situation is understood, here are my general 2022 predictions for delta-8 THC, and rest of the cannabinoid market.
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ConclusionMaybe I’m right on some of these points, and maybe I’m wrong. When it comes to 2022 predictions for delta-8 THC, we can all have our own, but in the end, we just have to wait and see what happens. Hello and welcome… Thank you for stopping by CBDtesters.co, your #1 web source for the most relevant and interesting cannabis and psychedelics-related news going on globally. Check us out daily to stay in-the-know on the fast-moving world of legal drugs and industrial hemp, and sign up for The THC Weekly Newsletter, so you’re first to get every news story. Disclaimer: Hi, I’m a researcher and writer. I’m not a doctor, lawyer, or businessperson. All information in my articles is sourced and referenced, and all opinions stated are mine. I am not giving anyone advice, and though I am more than happy to discuss topics, should someone have a further question or concern, they should seek guidance from a relevant professional. The post 2022 Predictions for the Delta-8 THC Industry appeared first on CBD Testers. Via https://cbdtesters.co/2022/01/19/2022-predictions-for-the-delta-8-thc-industry/ Scientists continue to look into natural substances that may help prevent or treat COVID-19. Recently, researchers at Oregon State University (OSU) published their findings regarding the ability of the acidic cannabinoid precursors cannabigerolic acid (CBGA) and cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) to block the activity of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in the human body. Much has been made of this preliminary research, but we’re here to sort the fact from the fiction. Let’s begin with a brief overview:
Are cannabinoids effective for blocking COVID?Based on this new OSU study [1] results published in the January 2022 edition of the Journal of Natural Products, it may be reasonable to consider CBDA, CBGA, and other cannabinoids as serious targets of COVID prevention and treatment research in the future. The results of this lone study in no way prove that cannabinoids are effective against COVID, and they do not indicate that cannabinoids offer better value than existing preventive and treatment approaches to COVID and its variants. We’ll break down the study’s findings into sections to provide a thorough overview: Botanical ligands to the spike proteinThe facilitators of this new cannabinoid study started by using advanced computer modeling to match specific cannabis compounds with the spike proteins the COVID virus expresses. They were on the lookout for “botanical ligands to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein,” a scientific term for plant-based substances that attach to and thereby neutralize the spike proteins on COVID viruses. Essentially, the researchers took the structure of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, uploaded it into a computer, and started using algorithms to compare it to the structures of all known cannabis compounds. They came up with two matches that were close enough to validate the next level of research: petri dish assays. Virus neutralization assaysTo perform assays of how well CBDA and CBGA neutralized the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, the authors of the OSU study combined COVID viruses, cannabinoids, and human endothelial cells together in Petri dishes. The goal was to determine if CBDA and CBGA altered the rate at which COVID infected the human cells, and the results were interesting to say the least—if not downright promising. In the Petri dishes containing CBDA and CBGA, the researchers noted decreased rates of “entry of live SARS-CoV-2 into cells.” Room for further researchCritics of this new OSU study have been quick to point out that preclinical research-based considerably on computer modeling is by no means the definitive word on any scientific subject. We entirely agree, but we also look forward to future research into the ability of cannabinoids to prevent COVID. It’s time to call on the scientific community to continue this research into CBDA, CBGA, and spike proteins—only this time in animal or even human subjects to acquire more concrete data. Can cannabinoids block new variants?Here’s one of the most intriguing findings of this study: The researchers reported that “cannabigerolic acid and cannabidiolic acid were equally effective against the SARS-CoV-2 alpha variant B.1.1.7 and the beta variant B.1.351.” These results indicate that if cannabinoids are proven useful for any form of COVID, they will most likely be effective against all COVID variants. As with all the rest of the results of this very-intriguing study, we will need to wait for more data before we make any firm conclusions. Could THCA also be of use?Due to its relationship to THC, the OSU researchers weren’t able to use the carboxylic acid THCA in their virus assays. Nonetheless, their computer models identified THCA as being one of the best ligands for the COVID spike protein, indicating that this cannabinoid precursor should be included in future research into the subject. What are CBGA and CBDA?This fascinating study mainly focused on just two cannabis compounds: CBDA and CBGA. These two acidic cannabinoid precursors are abundant throughout many different strains of hemp and cannabis, and they naturally turn into CBD and CBG, respectively through the process of decarboxylation. The unique chemical structures of CBDA and CBGA are what initially caused the OSU research team to flag these compounds: What benefits do each of these intriguing substances have to offer? ![]() What are the benefits of CBDA?Ever since scientists discovered that the CBD precursor CBDA may be much more potent at your brain’s 5-HT receptors than its final form [2], scientists have been keenly interested in the potential therapeutic potential of this natural cannabis derivative. As recently as 2020, research has been conducted into CBDA’s potential [3] as an “anti-inflammatory, anti-emetic, anti-convulsant, and anti-cancerogenic drug,” and recently, scientists have started taking a look at how CBDA might be able to boost existing CBD-based epilepsy treatments [4] like Epidiolex. What are the benefits of CBGA?As studies from as early as 2015 note, CBGA is commonly used to synthesize other cannabinoids [5] including THCA and CBDA. Until recently, CBGA had been overshadowed by its final form, CBG, which has been researched for a wide-ranging array of potential benefits. In 2021, however, CBGA was included in a study into cannabinoids and epilepsy [6], marking increased interest in this uniquely useful cannabinoid precursor. Summary: The Effect of Cannabinoids on SARS-CoV-2It’s too soon to make any firm conclusions regarding the ability of cannabinoids like CBDA and CBGA to help prevent or mitigate COVID infections. This new OSU research is promising, however, in its analysis that the investigated cannabinoids were equally useful for each COVID variant studied. Hopefully, this initial study will put a foot in the door for future research. As concerns over the impact of COVID-19 continue to disrupt economies around the world, we should be investigating the therapeutic potential of as many substances as possible. Spike proteins are the most damaging part of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, and we commend the OSU research team for making these proteins the focus of their research. We all simply want the world to be as healthy and safe as possible amidst ongoing pandemic conditions, and if cannabinoids can help, we should support them with everything we have. Sources
The post Can Cannabinoids Block Entry of SARS-CoV-2 and Emerging Variants? appeared first on Colorado Botanicals. via Colorado Botanicals https://cobocbd.com/cannabinoids-block-sars-cov-2-study/ Social media has been abuzz this week with news of a recently published laboratory study that found compounds in cannabis had the potential to stop COVID-19 from entering human cells. So does getting high increase immunity against COVID-19, or is it all too good to be true?The idea of using cannabis compounds to prevent or treat COVID-19 is exciting, but not unheard of. So many plants have antiviral properties, nature is essentially a giant, partially untapped medicine cabinet. To learn more about natural compounds, and for exclusive deals on all the trending cannabinoid products, remember to subscribe to The THC Weekly Newsletter. Also save big on Delta 8, Delta 9 THC, Delta-10 THC, THCO, THCV, THCP & HHC products by checking out our “Best-of” lists! So, does smoking weed really prevent coronavirus?Short answer: no. I’ve been getting this question all week and to clarify, no, smoking cannabis will not prevent or treat COVID-19, as far as we know anyway. But a combination of terpenes along with two minor cannabinoids found in the raw plant matter can help – CBDA and CBGA. There are two studies in question that have been getting a lot of attention lately. First, we’ll take a look at the most recent, which was published on January 10, 2022, in the Journal of Natural Products. The study was conducted by researchers at Oregon State University, using a chemical screening technique invented on campus. They found that Cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) and Cannabigerolic acid (CBGA) bound to coronavirus spike proteins and were able to inhibit the virus’s ability to enter healthy cells, at least in a petri dish. “These cannabinoid acids are abundant in hemp and in many hemp extracts,” says Richard van Breemen, study lead and researcher with Oregon State’s Global Hemp Innovation Center, College of Pharmacy, and Linus Pauling Institute. “They are not controlled substances like THC, the psychoactive ingredient in marijuana, and have a good safety profile in humans. And our research showed the hemp compounds were equally effective against variants of SARS-CoV-2, including variant B.1.1.7, which was first detected in the United Kingdom, and variant B.1.351, first detected in South Africa.” ![]() The second study, titled “In Vitro Evaluation of the Activity of Terpenes and Cannabidiol against Human Coronavirus E229,” was published by the peer-reviewed journal Life on March 29, 2021. The research studied the antiviral action of a proprietary formulation of terpenes. The blend, known as NT-VRL, is a combination of 30 terpenes including beta-caryophyllene, eucalyptol and citral developed by cannabis technology company Eybna. Antiviral plants, nature’s medicine cabinetMedicinal plants have been used for thousands of years to treat various ailments; it’s how the human race has survived centuries-worth of plagues, pandemics, and other outbreaks of disease. Interestingly, many animals such as deer, bear, elk, apes, some birds, lizards, and spiders, are all known to self-medicate with several local plants as well. As far detached as we are from natural treatments, it’s estimated that even in modern western medicine, up to 25% of commonly used prescription and OTC medications contain compounds isolated from plants, or synthetic versions of these compounds. Take Marinol, for instance, a prescription anti-nausea medicine contains synthetic THC. Healing plants work synergistically with the body’s natural capabilities, and they also boost the immune system making it less likely to get sick again in the future. Additionally, natural products typically work without destroying important cells and compounds that already exist in the body. Plant compounds can treat and prevent many different conditions including inflammation, bacterial infections, nausea, diarrhea, and viral infections. A lot of plant extracts and isolated compounds possess broad-spectrum antiviral activity. Commonly used antiviral plants include: oregano, sage, basil, fennel, garlic, lemon balm (not lemon, but rather a lemon-scented plant that comes from the mint family), peppermint, rosemary, echinacea, sambucus, licorice, astragalus, ginger, ginseng, and dandelion. What are cannabinoid acids?Simply explained, cannabinoid acids are precursors to the cannabinoids we all know and love, like THC and CBD. They are found on the stems, leaves and flowers of certain strains of raw cannabis before any type of heat application or processing takes place. Decarboxylation, also referred to as “decarbing” for short, is the process of using heat (and sometimes light and oxygen exposure) to convert cannabinoids from their natural acidic state to their ‘activated’ form. By heating raw cannabinoids, a chemical reaction takes place that removes the carboxyl acid group and releases CO2. Cannabis doesn’t create cannabinoids in the way we are familiar with them. Instead, it synthesizes several different cannabinoid acids; eight that we know of, to be specific. In order to become cannabinoids, these acids must be activated – or decarboxylated – using heat, light, and oxygen exposure. Above we briefly mentioned THCA and CBDA, but let’s quickly go over all of the known cannabinoid acids: NEW: CBGA + CBDA HASH ROSIN![]()
CBGA, THCA, CBDA, and CBCA are the most abundant cannabinoid acids. All of the plant’s compounds start as CBGA and various enzymes eventually convert it into the other three. In addition to these major acids, there are another four corresponding “V” compounds with slightly shorter chemical structures, and they are: CBGVA, THCVA, CBDVA, and CBCVA. Cannabinoid acids do not have any psychoactive effects, however, they do have numerous medical benefits. In the few studies that have emerged, cannabinoid acids were found to have antibacterial, antifungal, and insecticidal properties. In nature, their function is to defend the plant, so it makes sense that they work similarly in humans. ![]() More about terpenesTerpenes are a very large and diverse class of organic compounds that are produced by a wide variety of plants including herbs, trees, flowers, and fruit. In cannabis, they are secreted by the same glands that produce some of the most prominent cannabinoids including THC and CBD; but their role and effects are vastly different. Terpenes are aromatic plant oils that, when combined with other plant compounds, create a limitless palate of scents and flavors. In nature, terps serve as a defense mechanism by deterring herbivores who are turned away by the smells, and by attracting predators and parasites that attack herbivores. Chemically, terpenes are hydrocarbon and they are the major component of rosin, a waxy type of sap that produced and developed throughout the life cycle of the cannabis plant. There are curing processes that can improve the final quality and content of the terpenes, but other factors that impact their development are climate, weather, age and maturation, fertilizers, soil type, and light cycles. As far as cannabis goes, terpenes – not classification – are key to differentiating between the effects and flavors of various strains. Some terpenes are relaxing, like those found in lavender, while others are energizing, like the terps abundant in citrus fruit. Some smell fruity, some are piney, and others are musky. The possible variations are endless. So far, over 100 different terpenes have been discovered in cannabis plants alone, and each strain typically has its own unique blend and composition of terps. Terpenes have long been known to hold great therapeutic value, and some of the more common ones – like limonene, pinene, and caryophyllene – have been studied more extensively, considering they’re found in many different types of legal plants. More research is needed to determine the extent of their medicinal effects when combined with other cannabis plant compounds. Final thoughts on cannabis and COVID-19To summarize, both of these studies are extremely promising, albeit not very surprising, knowing what we already know about plant compounds. More research needs to be done to see exactly how cannabis-based treatments, cannabinoid acids specifically, can be used to treat or possibly prevent COVID-19. Keep in mind that simply smoking weed will not prevent coronavirus, and if you’re already sick, it could make matters worse by further irritating the throat and lungs. To utilize CBDA and CBGA, you will need to find products that contain these cannabinoids, or eat raw cannabis. Hello and Welcome! Thanks for making it to CBDtesters.co, the internet’s preeminent location for the most important and though-provoking cannabis and psychedelics-related news globally. Visit us whenever you can to stay on top of the always-in-flux universe of legal drugs and industrial hemp, and remember to check out The THC Weekly Newsletter, to ensure you always know what’s going on. Disclaimer: Hi, I’m a researcher and writer. I’m not a doctor, lawyer, or businessperson. All information in my articles is sourced and referenced, and all opinions stated are mine. I am not giving anyone advice, and though I am more than happy to discuss topics, should someone have a further question or concern, especially regarding cannabis as part of medicinal regimen or any questions about COVID-19, they should seek guidance from a relevant professional. The post Cannabis Compounds Can Help Prevent COVID-19, but Not in the Way You Might Expect appeared first on CBD Testers. Via https://cbdtesters.co/2022/01/17/cannabis-compounds-can-help-prevent-covid-19-but-not-in-the-way-you-might-expect/ |
ABOUT MEHallo, ik ben Rosalina Klerkx, ik ben een RHIA-gecertificeerde zorgbeheerder met meer dan 6 jaar ervaring in het creëren van een productieve omgeving voor zorgprofessionals. Leiding gegeven aan een team van 12 opname- en verkoopmedewerkers in een instelling voor langdurige zorg met meer dan 170 patiënten. Opstellen van complexe HIPAA-conforme rapporten aan patiëntendienstcoördinatoren in een zorgkliniek. Archives
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